Chapter question a) Explain five (5) different ways in which an organization may be involved in international trade. (60 marks)

Alternative energy

1. 
   Fossil fuels are problematic because of pollution, depleted stores, and political problems with countries from which they are exported.
   
2. 
   Environmentalism can help a company reduce waste, save money,and improve its reputation.
   
3. 
   Environmental responsibility always involves trade-offs between costs of reducing/eliminating pollution and the health threats of not doing so Managers must coordinate environmental goals with social/economic ones
   

CHAPTER 5
QUESTION 1
a) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of "Specialization"
(45 marks)
Specialization – is the devision of labor into small, specialized tasks and the assigmnet of single tasks to employees.
The advantage of specialization is that it minimizes the time lost from workers shifting from one task to another. Thus, it improves efficiency and quality.
However, overspecialization can result in bored and dissatisfied employees, poor quality work, more injuries, and high employee turnover.

b) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of functional departmentalization. Provide your answer with an example (55 marks)
Functional departmentalization involves grouping jobs according to business function such as production, marketing, and finance.
Advantages include supervision by experts and easier supervision of employees.
The disadvantage is that decision making involving more than one department may be slow.

QUESTION 2
a) What is a span of management? (20 marks)
Span of Magement – refers to the number of subordinates who report to a particular manager
( обращение к менеджеру)

2. 
   Discuss the differences between organizations with wide and narrow spans of management. (80 marks)
   

- A wide span of management exists when a manager directly supervises a very large number of employees.

- A narrow span of management exists when a manager directly supervises only a few subordinates.
- A narrow span of management is appropriate when superiors and subordinates are not in close proximity, the manager has many responsibilities in addition to
the supervision, the interaction between superiors and subordinates is frequent, and problems are common.

- When superiors and subordinates are located close to one another, the manager has few responsibilities other than supervision, the level of interaction between superiors and subordinates is low, few problems arise, subordinates are highly competent, and a set of specific operating procedures governs the activities of managers and their subordinates, a wide span of management will be more appropriate.

- Narrow spans of management are typical in centralized organizations, while wide spans of management are more common in decentralized firms.
Small business represents the vision of its owners to succeed through providing new or better products and services.