Competition has been viewed as the main tool to develop effective access and foster innovation,
investment and consumer benefits in communication markets. All OECD countries view facilities-based
competition as the most effective form of competition and the goal of regulatory reform and liberalisation
of the sector. In this context it has also been recognised that to attain effectively competitive markets in
the transition from monopoly to competitive communication markets requires regulatory intervention.
significant market power of established incumbent operators in voice markets. In particular,
interconnection policies ensured that all customers of a service provider have contact with all other
subscribers. Furthermore, network unbundling policies, including collocation, were employed to stimulate
competition in the public switched telecommunications network (PSTN) market by providing entrants with
wholesale access to infrastructure that was difficult to economically or technically replicate. This was
often undertaken on the assumption that entrants would compete via unbundled facilities as a stepping
stone to deploying their own facilities. The above-mentioned access policies have been a fundamental
DSTI/ICCP/CISP(2007)2/FINAL
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foundation of communication policy in a number of countries and have helped in developing competition
in the public switched telecommunication network (PSTN) market. The development of high speed
Internet markets (broadband) provided a further incentive to a number of regulators to extend local loop
unbundling policies to require bitstream, shared access and full unbundled access as a means to encourage
service-based competition in the broadband access market in markets where it was considered that facility-
based competition was weak. This helped to stimulate significant growth in broadband subscribers, the
development of new services and lower prices, leading in many cases to the emergence of increased
facilities-based competition. In other OECD countries, the emphasis has been placed on creating the
environment to stimulate facilities-based competition and well established cable operators and other
platforms have emerged as a source of facilities-based competition.
The requirements for bandwidth capacity have increased significantly over the last several years.
Although robust data is lacking in order to evaluate the future needs of users, the requirements for services
such as HDTV, video conferences, peer-to-peer traffic, etc., have led to predictions of bandwidth
consumption of at least 50Mbit/s downstream for residential consumers and in the region of 8Mbit/s
upstream.
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Some countries such as Korea, Japan, or more recently France, are developing networks able to
deliver services at higher speeds. For example, during 2007 Hanaro in Korea began to offer its 100 Mbp/s
service to households. The increasing development of user–generated content also would appear to
support higher upstream bandwidth requirements, and in certain cases arguments have been made for
symmetric high speed access providing upstream bandwidth at the same speed as downstream bandwidth.
The demand for bandwidth capacity is stimulating the next stage in the development of fixed access
networks by bringing optic fibre networks closer to end users in order to increase available capacity.
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This stage of development, referred to as next generation access (NGA) networks, is often taking place
independently from the development of NGN core networks, and is aimed at providing the network
capacity to support a range of services for the development and diffusion of new online services. As noted
below, there are a number of different network topologies for the roll-out of fibre and their implications for
the future development of competition in access markets may differ.
Government and regulators need to be cognisant of the economic and technical characteristics of
different fibre roll-out strategies and the corresponding consequences for competition. The cost of roll–
out of NGA networks has led to some experts arguing that only a single next generation fibre access
network to end users will be sustainable from an economic perspective in the future. As next generation
access networks develop, the regulatory and policy challenge is to maintain incentives to investment in a
competitive environment. If facility-based competitive NGA networks do not develop, the technological
and economic characteristics of local fibre networks raise significant new challenges to the continued use
of unbundling as discussed below.
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