Figure 3. Topologies for PON fibre networks
Source: DSTI/ICCP/CISP(2007)4/FINAL
As an alternative to the FTTH networks described above, some operators are investing in fibre to the
node or curb (FTTN). The average local loop length to end users is well above 1km and in most countries
less than 10% of the population lives close enough to an exchange to allow for speeds up to 50 Mbit/s.
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In
order to come within reach of the customer and provide adequate speeds the fibre network will need to be
brought to street cabinets. From the node VDSL technology is used on the existing copper loop to the
house or building. VDSL is being supplanted by VDSL2 which has higher speeds but, nevertheless,
requires that the switch is about 450 metres away from the customer in order to deliver around 50 Mbit/s
down and 30Mbit/s up.
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From a distance of 1.5km VDSL2 has a performance equivalent to ADSL2+.
In the Netherlands KPN has estimated that it will need to go from 1 350 local exchanges to its 24-
28 000 nodes so that it can come within 450 meters for 8 million of its customers. In the United States
AT&T is currently rolling out its U-Verse network based on the same technology but with longer average
line distances. A similar initiative is being undertaken by Deutsche Telekom, Swisscom and Belgacom.
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