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Observation and Questions
Questions frequently arise from observations. Ask questions about something you observe. Use the 5
Ws (who, what, where, when, and why) and 1 H (how) to create your question(s). For example, you might ask
yourself “Why does a plant die if I do not give it water?” or “Why is it bright out when I look outside during
the daytime?”. What reason might there be for these observations?
Research Existing Knowledge about the Topic
No matter what you observe, you need to find out what is already known about your questions. For
example, is anyone else doing research on eyespots in moths? If yes, what did they find out? Do you think that
you should repeat their research to see if it can be duplicated? During your research, you might learn something
that convinces you to change or refine your question. From this,
you will construct your
hypothesis
.
Forming a Hypothesis
Making a hypothesis is the next step in a scientific investigation. A hypothesis is a potential solution
to a problem in science, but it isn't just any solution. A hypothesis needs to be logical and supported by scientific
knowledge. Furthermore, a hypothesis needs to be testable. In other words, if the hypothesis is false, it must be
possible to make observations that would refute it. Assume you are aware that owls prey on other birds and
that some birds eat moths. You infer that eye spots deter birds that might eat the moth based on this knowledge.
This is your supposition.
Testing the Hypothesis
Making a prediction based on a hypothesis is necessary before testing it. A prediction is a declaration
of what will occur in the future under specific circumstances. It can be stated in the following way: If A happens,
then B will also happen. Your hypothesis might lead you to predict the following: Birds won't eat a moth if its
wings have eyespots on them. The next step is to collect data to put your prediction to the test. Evidence is any
kind of data that supports or refutes a hypothesis by agreeing or disagreeing with a prediction. An experiment
might be used to gather evidence. Assume that more observations of moths with eyespots will help you to
compile evidence. Perhaps you've noticed that birds don't actually eat moths with eyespots.
This evidence
supports your hypothesis.
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