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internal capacity. Some viruses, like the T-even
bacteriophage
, are extremely complicated. Complex
viruses have a binal symmetry, or two-fold symmetry that is not purely icosahedral or helical.
Figure 75.
Structure of Bacteriophage
Lytic reproduction cycles
kill host cells. During a lytic cycle, the virus lyses (destructs) the
host cell. When a virus infects
a cell that is receptive to it, it forces the
host to use its metabolic
apparatus to replicate viral particles. Viruses with only a lytic cycle are said to be virulent, which
means
they cause disease and,
in some cases, death.
There are typically five steps:
1. Attachment (or adsorption).
The virus binds to host cell receptors. This process ensures
that the virus only infects one host.
2. Penetration.
The virus enters the cytoplasm after breaching the host plasma membrane.
Many viruses that infect animal cells enter the host cell in their entirety. Some phages only inject their
nucleic acid into the host cell's cytoplasm, leaving the capsid on the outside.
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