5.3 Reading Resource #2 : The Plant Kingdom Plants are a diverse group of organisms. There are nearly 300,000 plant species cataloged.
Around 260,000 of these are seed-producing plants. The plant kingdom includes mosses, ferns,
conifers, and flowering plants. The plant kingdom is dominated by photosynthetic organisms, with
the exception of a few parasitic forms that have lost their ability to photosynthesize. Photosynthesis
relies on chlorophyll, which is found in organelles known as chloroplasts. Plants have cellulose-
containing cell walls. Most plants reproduce sexually, but they also have a variety of asexual
reproduction methods. Plants grow indeterminately, which means they don't have a final body form
and keep growing body mass until they die.
Plant Adaptations to Life on Land As organisms adjust to life on land, they face a number of challenges in the terrestrial
environment. Water has been called the "stuff of life." The cell's interior—the medium in which the
smallest molecules dissolve and diffuse, as well as the majority of metabolic chemical reactions—is
a watery soup. For an organism exposed to air, desiccation, or drying out, is a constant threat. Even
if a plant's aerial structures are close to a source of water, they are prone to drying out. Water gives
organisms that live in aquatic habitats buoyancy. Plants on land must develop structural support in
air, a medium that does not provide the same lift. Furthermore, because swimming is no longer an
option, the male gametes must devise new methods of reaching the female gametes. Finally, both
gametes and zygotes need to be kept moist. Although not all adaptations appeared at the same time,
successful land plants evolved strategies to deal with all of these challenges. Some species did not
venture far from an aquatic environment, whereas others left the water and conquered the world's
driest environments.