Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices

1.2. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of logical and emotive 
meaning 
The main function of the metaphor is to create images. Genuine metaphors 
create bright images in poetry and emotive prose. Trite metaphors are widely used 
in newspaper and scientific style.
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Here it is not a shortcoming of style. They help 
the author make the meaning more concrete and brighten his writing as it is an 
indispensable quality of human thought and perception.
There is an opinion according to which metaphor is defined as a compressed 
simile. Prof. I.R. Galper in considers this approach as misleading because 
metaphor identifies objects while simile finds some point of resemblance and by 
this keeps the objects apart. He says their linguistic nature is different.
When likeness is observed between inanimate objects and human qualities, 
we have the cases of personification:
Slowly, silently, now the moon 
Walks the night in her silvery shoon 
This way and they and that the she peers and sees 
Silver fruit upon silver trees 
Here the examples of personification (jonlantiruvchi) of Uzbek languages. 
Xozir Farg`ona bog`larida to`kin kuz. O`rikzorlar tukini o`zgartirib boshiga olov 
rang qip-qizil durra bog`lagan. Tutzorlar boshida malla qalpoq.
4
Pawliszko J (2016) Loving in two languages: language choice and emotionality in family communication of 
Kazakh bilinguals. Stud Angl Resoviensia 13:55–67. 

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Metonymy—is a transfer of meaning based upon the association of 
contiguity-proximity. In metonymy the name of one thing is applied to another 
with which it has some permanent or temporary connection: He felt as though he 
must find a sympathetic intelligent ear (Th drieser).
Guldur etib, bulut tarqab 
Yalt-yult etib chaqmoq chaqdi, 
Ishchi bobo seskansang-chi! 
Sharqqa quyosh chinlab chiqdi! 
In this Uzbek example the word “sharq” means countries and notions of East.
The transfer of meanings may be based on temporal spatial, casual, 
functional, instrumental and other relations. 
Like metaphors metonymy can be divided into trite metonymy-i.e. words of 
metonymic origin and genuine metonymy.
In trite metonymy the transferred meaning is established in the semantic 
structure of the word as a secondary meaning. In the course of time its 
figurativeness and emotional colouring fades away.
Ex: nickel, the coin of the US and Canada worth 5cent: hand, a workman; 
bench, a judge; cradle, the place where something begins; grave, death; house, the 
people voting after a debate. Qo`l-ishchi kuchi, beshik boshlang`ich joy 
If the interrelation between the dictionary and contextual meanings stands out 
clearly then we can speak about the expressiveness of metonymy and in this easy 
we have genuine metonymy .In order cases we have only one of the lexicological 
problems –how new words and meanings are coined .In most traditional 
metonymies the contextual meanings are fixed in dictionaries and have a note –fig 
.Metonymy may be divided into figures of speech established in the language and 
individual speech. Metonymy established in the language is frequent in colloquial 
speech. E.g. the whole table was stirring with impatience .e.g. the people sitting 
round the table were impatient.Terim paytida ko’p qo’l kerak buladi.Uning qalami 
qasos o’ti bilan yonardi .Green fingers ,people who have skill for growing gardens 
blue –collars-workers, a symbol of non-manual labor . 

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Metonymy is based on different relations of contiguity. 
1) a leading significant feature of a person can be used instead of its 
possessor: Who is the moustache ?-(who is the man?). Olive uniforms (young 
men); cotton prints (women ) .’’Tantanali majlis zalida “a’lo “, “yaxshi” qator 
o’tirdi. 
2) a symbol can be used for an object : Then I think of taking silk ( to become 
a lawyer). Nicolay zamonida ostonam tuyoq ko’rmagan . 
3) The name of the place can be used for somebody or something connected 
with it; It was too late for the river (a picnic on the riverside ) .Majlisga butun 
qishloq keldi. Auditoriya kuldi. 
4) A concrete noun may stand for an abstract one: My mother’s voice had the 
true. 
5) An abstract notion may stand for a concrete one: Subservience sprang 
round the counter (weak and mild people were standing round the counter). 
6) An abject may denote an action; When I awakened old sleepy Mary was up 
and gone … and coffee and bacon were a foot (the breakfast was ready).
Certainly the types of metonymy are not limited.
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There may appear new 
types of relations for the origin of metonymy. A metonymy differs from a 
metaphor by the fact that a metaphor may be periphrased into a simile by the help 
of such words as: as if, so as, like etc. With metonymy you cannot do so.
The sources where images for metonymy are borrowed are quite different: 
features of a person, an object, facial appearance, names of writers and poets, 
names of their books, name of some instruments, etc.
The expressiveness of metonymy may be different. Metonymy used in 
emotive prose is often called contextual and in this case is considered to be 
genuine and unexpected.
5
Cowie R, Cornelius RR (2003) Describing the emotional states that are expressed in speech. Speech Commun 
40(1–2):5–32. 

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Eg: The brown suit gaped at her. The blue suit grinned, might even have 
winked. But the big nose in the gray suit stared-and he had small angry eyes and 
even did not smile (J. Preistley). 
Qo`shiq kuylar qizaloq 
Tinglar uni dala, bog` 
Prof Galperin states that in order to decipher the true meaning of a genuine 
metonymy a broader context is necessary ( not the same with a metaphor). Though 
for trite metonymy the case is not the same. We can see this from the following 
examples: fifty sails (instead of fifty ships), smiling year (for spring). In the 
morning old Hitler-face questioned me again (S. Sillitoe). I get my living by the 
sweat of my brow (with difficulty); to earn one’s bread lone`s means of living); to 
live by the pen (by writing); to keep one’s mouth shut (be silent).
Usually metonymy is expressed by nouns or substantivized numerals or 
attributive constructions; she was a pale and fresh a eighteen.
The functions of metonymy are different. The general function of metonymy 
is building up imagery and it mainly deals with generalization of concrete objects. 
Hence nouns in metonymy are mostly used with the definite article, or without it at 
all (definite and zero articles have a generalizing function).
Besides, metonymy have a characterizing function when it is used to make 
then character’s description significant or rather insignificant (by mentioning only 
his hat and collar. It has the function of introducing a new person into the book.
Irony is based on the realization of two logical meanings (dictionary and 
contextual). Which stand in opposition? It is the clash of two diametrically 
opposite meanings. Eg: The man they had got now was a jolly, light-hearted, thick-
headed sort of a chap, with about as much sensitiveness in him. (J.K.) 
Mana shu uchun ko`pchilik Yaponlar bunday “yoqimly”taasurotlaridan 
ko`raishlash ming marta afzal deydilar.
In this utterance two words: “thick-headed” means a stupid, dull person and 
“sensitiveness” means of sensitive person who is easily hurt in the spirit easily 
offended. And “yoqimli” means “yoqimsiz”.

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Sometimes irony is mixed up with sarcasm. Sarcasm is a bitter or wounding 
remark, taunt, especially ironically worded. Usually socially or politically aimed 
irony is also called sarcasm: once upon a time in a sceptered island ruled a Great 
white Queen and enchantress… 
Beloved by her subjects, she ruled with a stern, but loving hand, disallowing 
anything that was not good for them…
In fact the majority of people did not have to work at all, only the rich, were 
punished, left with the worries that money brings.
In this text the author gives a sarcastic description of the former prime 
minister of Great Britain-M. Thatcher. Sarcasm appears due to the use of 
contradictory notions: a stern, but loving hand; a Queen and enchantress disallow 
anything that was not good for them, only rich people were left with worries etc. 
Sarcasm is kept whole due to the use of such devices as periphrasis: “a sceptered 
island” instead of Great Britain; litotes- disallowing anything that was not good for 
them; epithets-a sceptered island, a stern and loving hand.
Irony largely depends on the environment. We ought to distinguish between 
irony and humour. Humour causes laughter.
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But the function of irony is not to 
produce a humorous effect only. In some cases it can express a feeling of irritation, 
displeasure, pity or regret. Richard Attick says: “The effect of irony lies in the 
striking disparity between what is said and was meant “Eg: Stoney smiled the 
sweet smile of an alligator. “Xali uyga kelsang, boshingni silab, qo`yaman”. 
“Imtixonga juda “yaxshi” tayorlanib kelibsiz, qizim, baxongiz “ikki”-dedi 
o`qituvchi.
To mark out ironically used words in written language such graphic means as 
inverted commas and italicized words are used. Sometimes it is only the situation 
that can prompt the use of irony. In oral speech the main role in recognition of 
irony belongs to intonation and situation. The following phrase “There is gratitude 
6
Sahmeni E, Afifah N (2019) Using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) in media discourse studies: unmask the 
mass media. REiLA 1(2):39–45. 

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for you!” (Thanks for you) may be said ironically, depending on the situation and 
the intonation with which you use it.
In the Uzbek language irony can be expressed by morphological form of 
plurality for example.
Saboxat xonaga sinchkov ko`z ugurtirarkan, nimadandir xursand bo`lganday 
og`zini tanobi qochib, iztehzo bilan iljayardi.
-Nega aqalli qizlaringizni yo`qlab bormaysiz, desam turishlaringiz shoxona 
ekanda,-dedi nixoyat kesatiq bilan.
The emotive meaning of a word can be clearly understood if we introduce the 
notion of neutral meaning. It denotes the unemotional communication: Stylistic of 
emotional word and constructions are easily sensed when they are set against the 
non emotional words and constructions.