Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices

Interjections. Usually these words express our feeling such as regret, despair, 
sorrow, woe, surprise, astonishment etc. In the previous parts we have spoken 
about interjections which were defined as expressive means of the language. 
Emotionally coloured features of interjections after conscious and intentional 
intensification of their structural and semantic properties move up to a generalized 
status and become a stylistic device. 
Interjections may be divided into simple and derivative.
Simple interjections: Oh! Ah! Bah! Pooh! Gosh! Hush! Alas! Voy! Eh! Oh! 
Be! Ie! Iy! Voey! E-ha! xa! Voy-bo`y! Xaya! I-i! Yop! Ey! Xax! Obbo!
Derivative interjections:Heavens! Good gracious!
Dear me! Good! By the lord! God knows! Bless me! Hum bug! Yopiray! 
Tavba! Alvido! Yopirim! Parvardigor! Barakalla!, “Xe, mayli-da, uka, buyam endi 
qirq yilda bir eshak o`yin deganday gap-da. Voy, Xushomadgo`y-ey!” Voy, otasi 
tushgur-ey, dedi kula-kula Musa, -men sizni so`fi, bunday ishlarga r`tabor qilmaydi 
deb yursam, sizda gap ko`p ekan. Voy, otasi tushkur-ey!
There are a number of adjectives and adverbs which may be classified as 
interjections. Among them are the following: terrible, awful, great, wonderful, 
splendid.

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CHAPTER II. STYLISTIC DEVICES BASED ON THE 
INTERACTION OF LOGICAL AND NOMINAL MEANINGS 
2.1. Specific features of emotional sentences in English language 
From the strongest means of displaying the 'writer's or speaker's emotional 
attitude to his communication, we now pass to a weaker but still forceful means— 
the epithet.
7
The epithet is subtle and delicate in character. It is not so direct as the 
interjection. Some people even consider that it can create an atmosphere of 
objective evaluation, whereas it actually conveys the subjective attitude of the 
writer, showing that he is partial in one way or another. 
The epithet is a stylistic device based on the interplay of emotive and logical 
meaning in an attributive word, phrase or even sentence used to characterize an 
object and pointing out to the reader, and frequently imposing on him, some of the 
properties or features of the object with the aim of giving an individual perception 
and evaluation of these features or properties. The epithet is markedly subjective 
and evaluative. The logical attribute is purely objective, non-evaluating. It is 
descriptive and indicates an inherent or prominent feature of the thing or 
phenomenon in question. 
Thus, in 'green meadows', 'white snow', 'round table', 'blue skies', 'pale 
complexion', 'lofty mountains' and the like, the adjectives are more logical 
attributes than epithets. They indicate those qualities of the objects which may be 
regarded as generally recognized. But in 'wild wind', 'loud ocean', 'remorseless 
dash of billows', 'formidable waves', "heart-burning smile', the adjectives do not 
point to inherent qualities of the objects described. They are subjectively 
evaluative. 
The epithet makes a strong impact on the reader, so much so, that he 
unwittingly begins to see and evaluate things as the writer wants him to. Indeed, in 
such word-combinations as 'destructive charms', 'glorious sight', 'encouraging 
smile', the interrelation between logical and emotive meanings may be said to 
7
Bateman JA (2019) Towards critical multimodal discourse analysis: a response to Ledin and Machin. Crit 
Discourse Stud 16(5):531–539. 

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manifest itself in different degrees. The word destructive has retained its logical 
meaning to a considerable extent, but at the same time an experienced reader 
cannot help perceiving the emotive meaning of the word which in this combination 
will signify 'conquering, irresistible, dangerous'. The logical meaning °f the word 
glorious in combination with the word sight has almost entirely faded out. Glorious 
is already fixed in dictionaries as a word having an emotive meaning alongside its 
primary, logical meaning.
8
As to the word encouraging (in the combination 
'encouraging smile') it is half epithet and half logical attribute. In fact, it is 
sometimes difficult to draw a clear line of demarcation between epithet and logical 
attribute. In some passages the logical attribute becomes so strongly enveloped in 
the emotional aspect of the utterance that it begins to radiate emotiveness, though 
by nature it is logically descriptive. Take, for example, the adjectives green, white, 
blue, lofty (but somehow not round} in the combinations given above. In a suitable 
context they may all have a definite emotional impact on the reader. This is prob-
ably explained by the fact that the quality most characteristic of the given object is 
attached to it, thus strengthening the quality. Epithets may be classified from 
different standpoints: semantic and structural. "Semantically! y, epithets may be 
divided into two groups: those associated with the noun following and those an 
associated with it. 
Associated epithets are those which point to a feature which is essential to the 
objects they describe: the idea expressed in the epithet is to a certain extent 
inherent in the concept of the object. The associated epithet immediately refers the 
mind to the concept in question due to some actual quality of the object it is 
attached to, for instance, 'dark forest’, 'dreary midnight', 'careful attention', 
'unwearying research', 'indefatigable assiduity', 'fantastic terrors', etc. 
Unassociated epithets are attributes used to characterize the object by adding 
a feature not inherent in it, i.e. a feature which may be so unexpected as to strike 
the reader by its novelty, as, for instance, 'heartburning smile', 'bootless cries', 
8
Cowie R, Cornelius RR (2003) Describing the emotional states that are expressed in speech. Speech Commun 
40(1–2):5–32. 

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'sullen earth', 'voiceless, sands', etc. The adjectives here do not indicate any 
property inherent in the objects in question. They impose, as it were, a property on 
them which is fitting only in the given circumstances. It may seem strange, 
unusual, or even accidental. 
In any combination of words it is very important to observe to what degree 
the components of the combination are linked. When they are so closely linked that 
the component parts become inseparable, we note that we are dealing with a set 
expression. When the link between the component parts is comparatively close, we 
say there is a stable word-combination, and when we can substitute any word of 
the same grammatical category for the one given, we note what is called a free 
combination of words. 
With regard to epithets, this division becomes of paramount importance, 
inasmuch as the epithet is a powerful means for making the desired impact on the 
reader, and therefore its ties with the noun are generally contextual. However, there 
are combinations in which the ties between the attribute and the noun defined are 
very close, and the whole combination is viewed as a linguistic whole. 
Combinations of this type appear as a result of the frequent use of certain definite 
epithets with definite nouns. They become stable word-combinations. Examples 
are: 'bright face', valuable connections' 'sweet smile', 'unearthly beauty', 'pitch 
darkness', 'thirsty deserts', 'deep feeling', 'classic example', 'powerful influence', 
sweet perfume' and the like. The predictability of such epithets is very great. 
The function of epithets of this kind remains basically the same: 'to show the 
evaluating, subjective attitude of the writer towards the thing described. But for 
this purpose the author does not create his own, new, unexpected epithets; he uses 
ones that have become traditional, and may be termed "language epithets" as they 
belong to the language-as-a-system. Thus epithets may be divided into language 
epithets and speech epithets. Examples of speech epithets are: 'slavish knees', 
'sleepless bay.' 
The process of strengthening the connection between the epithet and the noun 
may sometimes go so far as to build a specific unit which does not lose its poetic 

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flavor. Such epithets are called fixed and are mostly used in ballads and folk songs. 
Here are some examples of fixed epithets: 'true love', 'dark forest', 'sweet Sir', 
'green wood', 'good ship', 'brave cavaliers'. 
The epithet is a SD which is built on the interplay of two meanings of words: 
emotive and logical. It denotes a permanent or temporary quality of a person, 
thing, idea, phenomenon and characterizes it from the point of view of subjective 
perception: gooseberry eyes, cat-like eyes, proud boxing gloves, iron hate, waiting 
silence, silver hair, rose berry blond hair. 
 
Qorli tog`lar orqasidan 
Atlas sochin tarab quyosh 
Gox mo`ralab o`ynashar quyosh 
Xanda sochar dudog`idan. 
(G`ayratiy) 
The degree of individual subjective evaluation is clearly seen if we compare 
these word combinations with the traditional logical founded word combinations: 
black, green, small, large, eyes, siyrak, quyuq, to`zg`igan, kalta, o`rilgan jilvar, oq, 
sariq soch.
A comparison of such word combinations as “iron gate” and “iron will”, 
“temir darvoza” and “temir iroda”. In the first case “iron” is logical attribute 
denoting a special type of gates, whereas in “iron will” “temir iroda”- iron serves 
as an epithet and denotes an “unyielding will”.
9
The same refers to “green 
meadow” “green old age”, “green thoughts”, Steel weapon, steel will,ham tarvuz 
,xom yigit, polat sim, polat qala ets. 
An epithet has always an emotional meaning or connotation. This meaning 
may be combined with denotatinal meaning or it may exist independently. 
After the long usage epithets form fixed word combinations which established 
in the language and enter the group of set expressions; true-love, merry mind, lagy 
9
Angermuller J (2018) Truth after post-truth: for a strong programme in discourse studies. Palgrave Commun 
4(1):30. 

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gay, sweet smile, heated discussions, ogir yigit, engiltak juvon, ogir yuk, qora 
quzgun. 
Individual epithets depend on the authors stile and his artistic purpose. Eg; He 
looked shy and embarrassed and wild hope came to me (G. Green) Oyni kutgan 
oqshomgi kokda beshik-beshik bulut yurardi. (Oybek) 
Semantic criterion gives us the right to distinguish associated and 
unassociated epithets. Associated epithets single out a feature which is essentially 
typical, inherent in the concept of the object they describe; the red sunset, the 
towering woods, dark clouds, pokiza yoshlik, ola chipor koylak, ochilgan guncha. 
Unassociated epithets characterize the object through a feature which is not typical 
and alien for this object. Such association immediately brings surprising effect, 
attracts the readers attention. Eg; elegant books, smiling year, dim roar, the wild 
moon, osmon upar uylar, shaftoli gul kuylak, sargaygan dunyo, ichakuuzdi 
latifalar. These adjectives indicate properties which are associated with other 
notions; elegant manners, smiling child, dim light, qiziq latifalar. 
In present day English epithets can be by various morphological and 
syntactical categories. Very often and epithet is expressed in the form of an 
adjective in the attributive function. Eg; Bold shadows, shallow sorrows, golden 
autumn day. 
Adjectival epithets are expressed by compounds consisting of; 
1) Noun+adjective; Stone-cold water, steel-grey cloud. 
2) Noun+participle: The house had a snow-beaten look.
3) Adjective (adverb+participle: much-traveled cousin.
4) Noun+adjective (derived from a noun): the key-eyed boy, her high, long-
legged dreams, pot-bellied man, gun-coloured overalls.
5) Very often an epithet is expressed by a participial attributes: the gray 
boiling sea burst on to the sand.
In the examples given above epithets are expressed by nouns in the function 
of a prepositive attribute which denotes qualities such as colour, shape, consistency 
etc.

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While speaking about epithets we must distinguish different structural types 
such as: simple compound, string, phrase, sentence epithets and reversed epithets. 
Here are the illustrations: 
Simple epithets: a brainless animal, a sensible. Stroke, buyuk xasis, tengsiz 
mumlik, qarsillagan kulgu, mexmondo`st odam, sofdil kishilar.
Compound epithets stand very close to compound adjectives: weak-minded 
ideas, cast-iron opinion, a shamed-looking dog, a carefully thought out curses
String epithets, the structural attributes describe the object from different 
points of view.
10
Very often string epithets constitute gradation. Eg: Moving 
magically to fresh and strange and exciting places; a miserable, long-nosed, dirty-
looking scoundrel.
Prase epithets (sentence epithets): a life-and-death struggle; Her mother ran 
up, and came into the bad-room with a worrid-end-of-the-world frown on her face 
(E. O`. Brien). Baxtingga tasadduq zaminu olam, ko`ngli oq va o`zi qora 
qoshyurtim!
Such constructions serve to the reversed epithet consists of two nouns 
connected by an “of phrase”, a claw of fear, a day of happiness. These are called 
metaphorical epithets. 
The essence (nature) of transferred epithets lies in the fact that it is associated 
with a noun other than to which it grammatically belongs: She put her careful, not 
her foot.) Mr. Baker stirred with a thoughtful spoon. (Mr. Baker was thoughtful, 
not his spoon) (Azizbek) Boshlab fuqaroga salom berdi, so`ngra siniq va ojiz 
qolgan bir tovush bilan xalqqa uzr aytdi.
From what have been said above it is quite clear that the stylistic function of 
epithets is to give subjective evaluation of things and notions. In most cases it is 
the writer’s subjective attitude to what he describes.