Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices

Metaphor. The term “metaphor”, as the etymology of the word reveal means 
transference of some quality from one object to another. From the times of ancient 

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Greek and Roman rhetoric, the term has been known to denote the transference of 
meaning from one word to another. It is still widely used to designate the process 
in which a word acquires a derivative meaning. Quintilian remarks: It is due to the 
metaphor that each thing seems to have its name in language. “Language as a 
whole has been figuratively defined as a dictionary of faded metaphors.
Thus by transference of meaning the words grasp, get and see come to have 
the derivative meaning of understand.
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When these words are used with that 
meaning we can only register the derivative meaning existing in the semantic 
structures of the words.
Though the derivative meaning is metaphorical in origin, there is no stylistic 
effect because the primary meaning is no longer felt.
A metaphor becomes a stylistic device when two different phenomena-things, 
events, ideas, actions are simultaneously brought to mind by the imposition of 
some or all of the inherent properties of one object on the other which by nature is 
deprived of these properties. Such an imposition generally results when the creator 
of the metaphor finds in the two corresponding objects certain features which to his 
eye have something in common . 
The idea that metaphor is based on similarity or affinity of two objects or 
notions is erroneous .The two objects are identified and the fact that a common 
feature is pointed to and made prominent doesn’t make them similar .The notion of 
similarity can be carried on ad absurdum ,for example ,animals and human beings 
move , breathe ,eat ,but if one of these features ,i.e. movement ,breathing, is 
pointed to in animals and at the same time in human beings the two objects will not 
necessarily cause the notion of affinity.
Metaphor is not merely an artificial device making discourse more vivid and 
poetical. It is also necessary for the apprehension and communication of new ideas. 
It is the way in which creative minds perceive things. 
Metaphors like many SDs must be classified according to three aspects:
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Hutchison E (2019) Emotions, bodies, and the un/making of international relations. Millennium 47(2):284–298. 

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1) The degree of expressiveness,
2) The structure i.e. in what linguistic form it is presented or by what part of 
speech it is expressed,
3) The function, i.e. the role of SD in making up an imagine.
The expressiveness of a SD depends on various aspects. Different authors and 
literary trends or movements have different sources where they borrow the material 
for images. Favourite images in oriental poetry are: nightingale, rose, moon. 
Nature, art, war, fairy tales and myths, science may also serve as sources for 
metaphorical images.
We distinguish genuine and trite metaphors. The metaphors in which images 
are quite unexpected are called genuine. Those which are commonly used-are 
called trite or dead metaphors. Genuine metaphors are also called speech 
metaphors .Genuine metaphors can easily become trite if they are frequently 
repeated.
There is an opinion that a metaphor is a productive way of building up new 
meanings and new words. Language can be called the “dictionary of faded 
metaphors”. 
Examples of trite metaphors: The salt of life; a flight of imagination: the 
ladder of fame; to burn with passion (anger). The following metaphors enriched 
English phraseology; foot of a bed, leg of a chair, head of a nail, to be in the same 
boat, blind window, to fish for complements. Here Uzbek examples o`q yomg`iri, 
o`lim do`li buloq ko`zi.
Examples of genuine metaphors: The lips were tight little traps the whole 
space was a bowl of heat; this virus carried a gun; the dark swallowed him; 
Mrs. Small`s eyes boiled with excitement; the words seemed to dance …. 
Xademay, ularning safari qoridi. Daryo oqar, vaqt oqar, umr oqar paydar-pay. 
Boshimdan kaptarlardekuchdi ming-minglab xauol. Gullar go`yo eshitar ta`zim. 
Very often trite metaphors are given new force and their primary dead 
meaning is created a new. It is achieved by introducing new additional images. 

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Such metaphors are called sustained or prolonged: “Our family rivulet joined other 
streams and the stream was a river pouring into St. Thomas Church” (J. Steinbeck).
Jimjitlik bor joyda xayot so`nadi. Jimjitlik toshni xam, ko`ngilni xam emiradi. 
Tingan suvni qurt bosadi.
Thus, trite metaphors regain freshness due to the prolongation. Metaphors 
may have a sustained form in cases with genuine metaphors as well.
Usually a metaphor may be expressed by any part of speech.