Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices

Euphemism is a periphrasis, which is used to rename an unpleasant word or 
expression. Eg. Death: the journey’s end; to die; to cross the bar; to join the 
majority, to hop off the twig, “aqli qisqa” instead of “axmoq” qulog`I og`ir instead 
of kap, qo`li egri instead of o`g`ri; olamdan o`tmoq, qurbon bo`moq, jon bermoq 
instead of o`lmoq. Usually euphemisms are defined as words or phrases which 
produce some mild effect. Instead of saying “to lie” people usually use such 
expressions as: to tell stories, to possess a vivid imagination.
The origin of the term “euphemism” discloses the aim of the device very 
clearly. I.e. speaking well—from Greek –eu=well+-pheme=speaking.
Euphemisms do not live for a long time. We trace periodic changes in 
terminology: the madhouse, lunatic asylum, and mental hospital; “qizamiq” ® 
“gul, oymoma, xaymoma”; “chayon” ®“oti yo`q, benom, besh bo`g`in”; 
We distinguish the following groups of euphemisms; religious, moral, 
medical, poetical. The political euphemisms always delude public opinion, distort 
the political events. Instead of saying “a liar” in the political sphere we usually 

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come across such expressions as; terminological inexactitudes; “ishsizlar” 
®ijtimoiy-foydali mexnat soxasida band bo`magan kishilar.
In emotive prose euphemisms are usually expressed by metonymy, metaphors 
or periphrases.
One of the stylistic functions of euphemisms-is to produce a humorous effect 
or to distort the truth, to make the statement milder. Eg. Intoxication drunkenness; 
perspiration-sweat; tomog`ini moyladi-pora berdi, kesilib ketdi-qamaldi. 
Hyperbole. Hyperbole as a SD must be distinguished from exaggeration as 
every exaggeration cannot be regarded as a SD. For example, the following 
expressions: Haven’t seen you for ages; I`m dying to see it; Immensely obliged, 
Seni deb o`lib turibdi, osmonga ustun bo`1armiding; osmondan kelmoq, bir dunyo 
narsa oldik. Are common colloquial phrases used in every day speech. Usually 
individual hyperboles constitute a SD;I ought to be shot for not recognizing it. My 
mother was shocked to morrow of her bones by the thought. Toychoqqinam, 
kolxoz osnginatuzilmagan, qon to`kkanmiz.
A hyperbole is employed for direct quantitive exaggeration: “Do you think we 
have anything to say one another?”-She asked quickly-“miles”. I don’t know any 
of my relations, are they many? –“Tons” 
Hyperbole may be expressed in a periphrastic descriptive way: What I suffer 
in that way no tongue can tell. (K.Jerome). “No tongue can tell” means “it is very 
difficult to express by means of the language”.
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In this case hyperbole is based on 
metonymy (tongue) Hyperbole may be used in combination with other SD, 
hyperbolic similes: His mind began to move like lighting. She was as grace full as 
a meridian of longitude; hyperbolic metaphors; Gradually he was becoming 
acclimatized to the strange town, primitive and isolated entombed by the 
mountains. Hyperbole may be found in repetition. I’d have been out there days 
ago-days ago. Mendek dangalchiga xam shunaqa tuxmat qilasizlarmi oshnalar? 
Menman degan xo`kizning shoxini sindirishga xam kuchim etadi-ya.
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Hutchison E (2019) Emotions, bodies, and the un/making of international relations. Millennium 47(2):284–298. 

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In the general framework of lexical meaning several aspects can be singled 
out. They are: the denotational aspect, the connotational aspect and the pragmatic 
aspect.