U m u m a n o l g a n d a , a t m o s f e r a a z ot i n i b o g ‘l a s h n i n g bi ol o g i k turi
ni s b a t an s o d d a b o ‘lsa-da, a m m o bu t u r d a j a r a y o n n i j u d a ki chik tezlik
b il an ketishi b i o l o gi k t u rn i k eng q o ‘llanilishiga qar shil ik k o ‘rsatuvchi
yirik salbiy o m i l l a r d a n biri b o ‘lib q o l m o q d a .
Biologik t u r d a n farqli o ‘l aroq a t m o s f e r a a z ot i n i b o g ‘l as hni ng t e x
ni k turi j u d a kuc h li t ez l i k l a r d a ri vojlanib b o r a y o t g a n i b i lan ajralib
t u r a d i . T e x n i k t u r d a t a r k i b i d a k a t t a m i q d o r d a b o g ‘l an g a n
azot i b or
b o ‘lgan m i n e r a l o ‘g ‘itlar, t u z l a r olish t a ’m i n l a n a d i . Bu esa na f aq at
qi shloq x o ‘jaltgini, balki b u t u n ki myo s a n oa ti ni ng h a m keng rivojlani-
shi ga oli b kel adi.
Hozirgi v a q t d a t exni k t u r b o ‘yi cha at mos fe r ada gi e l e m e n t a r azotni
b o g ' l a s h n i n g quyi dagi u c h usuli: yoy, si an ami d l i va a m m i a k l i usullari
m a ’l um.
Y o y usul iga G . K a v e n d i s h a sos s ol ga n b o ‘lib, 1781-yili b i ri nc hi
b o ‘lib e l ek t r yoyi t a ’sirida h a v o d a az ot oksidlari hosil b o ‘lishini
ixtiro
qilgan:
N 2 + 0 2 = 2 N O - 180,6 kJ
(2.2)
Bu r e ak s iy a e n d o t e r m i k va q a y t a r d i r . R e a k s i y a a m a l i y q a y t a r
b o ‘lgani m u n o s a b a t i b i lan reaksi ya y o ‘nali shini a n i q l a s h d a L e - S h a -
telye p r i n s i p i d a n f o y da l a n i s h m u m k i n d i r . S h u n g a m u v of i q reaksiya
m u v o z a n a t i n i o ‘z g a r t ir i shga a z o t va k i sl o r od ni a t o m l a r g a dissotsi-
atsi yalanishi b o s h l a n a d i g a n t e m p e r a t u r a , y a ’ni 2500 К g a c h a b o ‘lgan
t e m p e r a t u r a l a r d a b o s i m h e c h q a n d a y t a ’sir k o T s a t m a y d i , c h u n k i
reaksiya h aj m o ‘zgarishisiz b or a di. Reaksiya k o m p o n e n t l a r i d a n biri —
a z ot yuqori inert li kka ega b o ‘lgani sababli, reaksiya
a n c h a g i n a yuqori
t e m p e r a t u r a l a r d a g i n a , y a ’ni 3300 К a t r o f id a g i n a sezilarli dar ajadagi
tezl ik va 4 , 0 —4 , 5 % N O c h iq i s hi b i lan b o r i s h i g a erishi lgan.
Tar kibi da N O gazi b o ‘lgan b u ar al as hma n i sovitish va qayta ishlash
n a t i j as i da , k e y i n c h a l i k ( 2 . 3 ), (2 . 4 ) r e a k s i y a l a r s o d i r b o ‘lib, az ot
k is lota sini ng k u c h s i z e r i t m a l a r i o l i n g an va u n i n g i s ht ir okida h a r xil
az otl i m i n e r a l t u z l a r hosil qi linga n.
A t mo s f e r a a z ot i n i b o g ‘l a s hn in g yoy usuli 1929- yi lgac ha rivojlanib
keldi. 1932-yilga
keli b esa, b u usul ni q o ‘llash a m a l i y j i h a t d a n b a t a -
m o m t o ‘xtatildi. B unga asosiy sabab, yoy usulida energiya sarfi n is ba
t a n j u d a k a t t a m i q d o r g a e g a e k a n l i g i d a d i r . M a s a l a n , y oy usuli
b o £y i c ha 1 t o n n a b o g ‘l a n g a n az ot olish u c h u n e n e r g i y a sarfi 70000
k W • s o at yo k i ekvi va l e n t b o ‘y i c h a 64 t o n n a k o ‘m i r sarfiga t engdir.
Yo y usuli b o s h q a usul larga n i s b a t a n s o d d a b o ‘lganligi m u n o s a
bat i b il an h oz i rgi v a q t d a a t m o s f e r a a z ot i n i t o ‘g ‘r i d a n t o ‘g ‘ri b o g ‘lash
b o ‘y i c h a i l mi y i zl an i s h l ar d a v o m e t m o q d a va u l a r n i n g asosiy z a m o -
naviy y o ‘n al is hl ar i q u y i d a g i l a r d a n iborat:
59
1.
T e r m i k usul; 2. E le kt r e n e r g i y a s i d a n f o y d a l a n i s h ( e l ek t r r a z-
ryadi, e l e k t r va p l a z m a ) ; 3. Ya dr ovi y r e a k t o r d a azot oksi dl ari ni olish.
Bu progressiv usul larni qo ' ll as h nati jasida
az ot oksi dlarini chiqishi
9 — 10% g a c h a , y adr oviy r e a k t o r q o ‘l l a n g a n d a esa az ot o k si dl ar i ni
k o ns en t r a ts i y asi 11 — 15% g a c h a c hi qi s h i ga e r ishi lgan. A m m o oxirgi
usulni q o ‘l l a n g a n d a hozirgi k u n d a g az a r a l a s h m a s i n i r a d i oa k t i v izo-
t o p l a r d a n t o z a l a s h o ‘ziga xos m u a m m o l a r d a n biri b o ‘lib t ur i bdi .
B u n d a n t as hq ar i, bu usullarni hozirgi v a q t d a a m a l i y o t d a q o ‘l lani lma -
y o t ga n l i g i ni n g
asosiy s aba bi , b ar ibi r, ul ar ni a t m o s f e r a a z o t i n i b o g ‘ -
l a s h ni ng a m m i a k l i t ur i g a n i s b a t a n q i m m a t l i g i d a d i r .
A t m o s f e r a a z ot i n i b o g ‘l a s h n i n g o ‘s h a d a v r l a r u c h u n z a m o n a v i y
d e b h i s o b l a n g a n u s u l l a r d a n biri — bu s i a n a m i d usulidir. Bu usul
quyi dagi asosi y b o s q i c h l a r d a n ibor at b o ‘lgan:
B ir i nchi b o s q i c h d a tabiiy o h a k t o s h n i 1173— 1273 К a t ro f id a kuy-
diri b, ku yd ir i lg an o h a k t o s h ol ingan:
C a C 0 3 = C a O + C 0 2 - 177.9 kJ
(2.6)
I k k i nc h i b o s q i c h d a a l o h i d a a p p a r a t d a k ok s i sh t i r o k id a 2 2 7 3 —
2473 К d a kalsiy kar bidi olish:
C a O + 3 C = C a C 2 + C O - 4 52 . 1 7 kJ
(2.7)
U c h i n c h i b o s q i c h d a a t m o s f e r a h avos ini a l o h i d a j i h o z d a qi zdi ri l-
g a n mi s o r qa l i o ‘t ka z i sh nat ij asi da e r k i n e l e m e n t a r
k i s l o r od ni yut ib,
e r kin e l e m e n t a r a z ot olish b u n d a n 100 yillar ilgari a t m o s f e r a h a v o
sini c h u q u r sovuql ik hosil qilish va u n i n g t a ’si ri da a t m o s f e r a h a v o
sini b o ‘lib, e r k i n az ot va kisl or odga ajratish t ex nol ogi yas i s a n o a t
m i q y o s i d a hali hal q i l i n m a g a n edi:
4 C u + 0 2 = 2 C u 20 + Q 2
(2.8)
T o ‘r t i n c h i b o s q i c h d a kalsiy ka r bid ig a b u hosil q i l i ng an e l e m e n
t a r a z o t n i 1373 К a t r o f i d a t a ’sir et ti ri b, kalsiy s i a n a m i d i olish:
C a C 2 + N 2 = C a C N 2 + С + 3 0 1, 4 5 kJ
(2.9)
Bu b o s q i c h l a r i c h id a e n g asosiylari b i r i n c h i , i kki nchi va t o ‘r ti n-
c h i l a r b o ‘lib, u l a r d a n b ir i nc hi va i kki nchi b o s q i ch reaksiyalari kuchli
e n d o t e r m i k b o ‘lib, t o ‘r t i nc hi b o s q i c h reaksi yasi e k z o t e r m i k b o ‘lsa-
d a, bu y e r d a ajralib c h i q a y o t g a n issiqlik b i ri n c h i va i kki nchi b os qi ch
j a r a r y o n l a r i n i a m a l g a o s h i r i s h u c h u n t a l a b e t i l a d i g a n issiql ikni
u m u m a n q o p l a y o l ma yd i .
S h u n i t a ’ki dl ash
ker akki , y u q or i d ag i ( 2 . 6 ) - ( 2 . 9 ) reaksi yal ar k al
siy s i a n a m i d i o l i s h ni ng kar bidli usuliga xosdir.
60
S i a n a m i d usuli b o ‘y i c h a 1 t o n n a b o g ' l a n g a n a z ot ishlab c h i q a
rish u c h u n s a r f l a n a d i g a n e n e r g i y a 15000 k W / s o a t e ne r g i ya n i yoki
ekvi va l e n t b o ‘y ic ha 13,5 t o n n a k o ‘m i r n i t ashki l e t s a - d a , b u k o ‘rsat-
k i ch b o ‘y i c h a s i a n a m i d usuli y u q o r i d a b a y o n q il i n g an yoy usuliga
q a r a g a n d a 4 — 5 m a r t a t e j a m l i r o q ekanligi k o ‘rinib turi bdi.
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