fesad and ifsād, that is, the taking of property and the like that are connected
with that (specific type of) killing, and the punishment that these deserve.
Essentially, war is the seizing by force of spoils.”
(Ve bu cümle kelām-i müste’nif dur, ki envā‘-i ḳatıldan bir nev‘ içün sevḳ ol-
unmuşdur, ve ol ḳatla muta‘allaḳ olan fesād ve ifsād, ki aḫz-i māl ve neẓāyiri
dur, ve anlara lāzim olan cezāyı beyān eyler. Ve aṣılda ḥarb selb-i selebdir.)
The crux of the matter is simple: “What is meant at this point (more specifi-
cally) is highway robbery (Bu maḥalde murād ḳat‘-i ṭarīḳdır). Briefly discussing
the importance of the locality of the crime (either in- or outside of the city), he
then moves on to the second part of the verse, “Wa yas‘awna fī al-arḍ fasādan”,
(i.e.,) “As well as [of] those who strive after corruption, either being corrupt or
(merely) striving after corruption,” in which the author engages in a fairly lin-
guistic discussion of, among others, the syntactic relation between yas‘awna and
yuḥāribūna, and of the word fasād. The bottom-line is that ifsād and fesād are
to be equated with ḥirābe (Pes arż vücūdında ifsād ve fesād eyleyen ıṣlāḥ-i ḥaḳīḳet
ėdeniñ żıddı dur, belki muḥāribi dur). The following four parts detail the various
punishments meted out for ḥirābe, no small matter, since ḥirābe infringes not
only on the ḥuḳūḳ al-‘ibād, but on the ḥuḳūḳ Allāḥ first and foremost, thus consti-
tuting a ḥadd: killing, crucifixion, amputation, or banishment. All this is present-
ed in such a condensed form, that it is often quite hard to digest the subtleties
of the argumentation. Skipping over “‘An yuqattalū” and “Aw yuṣallabū”, let us
consider one of the more legible sections, Muḥyī’s exegesis of the amputation:
“Aw tuqaṭṭa‘a aydīhim wa arjuluhum min khilāfin”, (i.e.,) their right hand
and left foot are cut off, or their left hand and right foot, in case they are
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left-handed. This holds for those who have taken property without kill-
ing, that is, their hand is cut off because they have taken property (and)
their foot is cut off because they have filled the road with fear, for the road’s
safety may not be lost. The cutting off on alternate sides is to (prevent the
culprit from future) killing. Whether (the victim) is a Muslim or a zimmī
makes no difference. Amputation is necessary whenever the (value of the)
object stolen, when divided by the (number of) thieves, amounts to 10 dir-
ham each, or if its value is equivalent to that. Otherwise, it (the value of the
object stolen) is less or if (the victim) is an infidel, then the punishment is
not necessary.”
(“Aw tuqaṭṭa‘a aydīhim wa arjuluhum min khilāfin”: yā ṣaġ eli ṣol ayaġı kesilür,
yā ṣol eli ṣaġ ayaġı kesilür eğer ṣolaḳ ise. Bu ḥāl eğer māl alub ḳatl ėtmezler
ise. Ya‘nī: aḫz-i māl içün eli ḳat‘ olur, iḫāfet-i ṭarīḳ içün ayaġı ḳaṭ‘ olur, ki
emn-i ṭarīḳ fevt olmaya. Ḫilāfan ḳaṭ‘ olmaḳ öldürmemek içün dür. Ve bu ḥāl
cümle müslimler ve zimmīler olurlar isedir, ve aldıḳları nesne, her bir sāriḳa
taḳsīm olduḳda, onar dirhem düşersedir, yā ḳıymeti aña berāber olursadır-
ki bu ḳat‘ lāzim gelür. Yoḫsa aḳal olsa yā kāfir olsalar, ol cezā lāzim gelmez.)
Regarding expulsion, Muḥyī discusses both the interpretation of “the mezheb
of the greatest imam”, that is Abū Ḥanīfe, and of al-Şāfi‘ī. Next Muḥyī turns his
attention to the important conjunction “aw”: while, theoretically, the imam is
left free choice (bu cümlede imām muḫayyer dür), practically, he doesn’t choose
freely. Indeed, only “those who do not know the different classes of men don’t
understand that the word “aw” in the verse comes with a gradation” of pun-
ishments (ki merātib-i nāsı bilmeyen bilmez, ki āyetde “ev” lafẓı taḳsīm içündür).
Following a highly technical linguistic exegesis of “zālike”, “lahum khizyun fī
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