170
Containing China
iting the continent as something to be taught suggests. This is an impor-
tant corollary to the bifurcation of China that one can observe in texts
such as
The China Mirror
, because it hints at a positionality, whether as-
pirational or actual, for medieval thinkers who engaged with the Chi-
nese past—with Chinese history—as such.
To be able to “teach” China as
The China Mirror
does implies a power
relationship in which the author or teacher renders what is being taught
the “object of knowledge,” to borrow from Michel de Certeau.
93
In Cer-
teau’s analysis, having a dissociation from the object or a distance between
it and the writer is an integral step toward the ability to render that ob-
ject comprehensible to another. The following section will show how Shig-
enori inserts multiple reminders of just such a distance, resulting in a
China that is kept continually at bay or, more strongly still, contained.
Such reminders can be read as reinforcing a position in which the Chi-
nese past—as something that can be learned—is subordinate to its teacher
and even student.
Revisiting the preface in a little more detail will clarify how this
works. Once again, the narrator is on a pilgrimage. This time, however,
the transmission of the
Mirror
’s content is enabled by a seemingly chance
encounter at a Double Nines banquet and poetry contest, events that fol-
low the completion of the narrator’s vow to perform a thousand sutra
readings. As noted above, two Chinese monks have been waiting on the
sidelines the entire time, and they approach the narrator with the follow-
ing explanation (reminiscent of Eubanks’s “cutting edge”):
94
“Buddhism
is languishing at the Song Court, and people who venerate this teaching
are rare, so we have come to Japan; our first stop was this temple, where
we heard it [the
Lotus Sutra
] being read a thousand times. . . . Though
India is the land of the Buddha’s dwelling, its shores are distant. [But] I
could roughly relate to you the aspect of the land of C
ī
nasth
ā
na, if you
would but listen.”
95
Thus,
The China Mirror
is born.
More than simply setting the stage in a familiar yet diff
erent man-
ner, the preface also works to create multiple layers of distance between
Shigenori and his subject matter that are not present in the earlier
Mir-
93. Certeau,
Writing of History
, 36.
94. Eubanks,
Miracles of Book and Body
, 66.
95. Hirasawa
and Yoshida,
Kara kagami: Shōkōkanbon
, 9–10.
The Continent as Object of Knowledge
171
rors
. Most obviously, there is the geographic remove between writer and
subject matter. While India is, to paraphrase Shigenori’s informant, too
far away to speak of, China is also framed as a place that people leave to
go elsewhere—that is, Japan. The significance of this distance (the de-
marcation of a boundary between China and Japan) can also be seen in
the preliminaries to the above exchange when Shigenori observes: “One
was quite a great priest. His speech was impossible to decipher. The other,
who was [his] disciple, did the honors of passing on the master’s words,
translating them, and so on.”
96
China is “foreign,” an incomprehensible
other without the proper mediator.
Although Shigenori uses deferential language toward the monks, the
work’s attitude toward the Chinese present reflects an unspoken power
relationship. Specifically, the narrator’s lack of facility with the con-
temporary spoken idiom in no way compromises his ability to provide a
history of China to his readers: it is not just the “words” of the monk,
but also texts, that are cited. While these ostensibly fall within the monk’s
narrative, it is difficult to see them as anything other than a display of a
text-based knowledge of China. In other words, to the extent that one
can read the narrator as a stand-in for Shigenori, direct access to con-
temporary China or Chinese is superfluous for someone in his position—
namely, an authority on or translator of things Chinese. One might go a
step further and infer that it is contemporary China as such that is ren-
dered largely irrelevant by such a move: the “China” worth knowing about
is temporally contained. China is not only foreign, it is also the past. Such
an interpretation is justified by the lines with which Shigenori’s narrator
closes the preface: “Since I have heard that there is a practice whereby
one takes the
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