particularly for me. I had honored my father, but my mother I
had loved.
Poverty and hard reality now compelled me to take a quick
decision. What little my father had left had been largely
exhausted by my mother's grave illness; the orphan's pension to
which I was entitled was not enough for me even to live on, and
so I was faced with the problem of somehow making my own
living.
In my hand a suitcase full of clothes and underwear; in my heart
an indomitable will, I journeyed to Vienna. I, too, hoped to wrest
from Fate what my father had accomplished fifty years before; I,
too, wanted to become 'something'but on no account a civil
servant.
Chapter 2:
Years of Study and Suffering
in Vienna
When my mother died, Fate, at least in one respect, had made its
decisions.
In the last months of her sickness, I had gone to Vienna to take
the entrance examination for the Academy. I had set out with a
pile of drawings, convinced that it would be child's play to pass
the examination. At the Realschule I had been by far the best in
my class at drawing, and since then my ability had developed
amazingly; my own satisfaction caused me to take a joyful pride
in hoping for the best.
Yet sometimes a drop of bitterness put in its appearance: my
talent for painting seemed to be excelled by my talent for
drawing, especially in almost all fields of architecture. At the
same time my interest in architecture as such increased steadily,
and this development was accelerated after a two weeks' trip to
Vienna which I took when not yet sixteen. The purpose of my
trip was to study the picture gallery in the Court Museum, but I
had eyes for scarcely anything but the Museum itself. From
morning until late at night, I ran from one object of interest to
another, but it was always the buildings which held my primary
interest. For hours I could stand in front of the Opera, for hours I
could gaze at the Parliament; the whole Ring Boulevard seemed
to me like an enchantment out of The ThousandandOne
Nights.
Now I was in the fair city for the second time, waiting with
burning impatience, but also with confident selfassurance, for
the result of my entrance examination. I was so convinced that I
would be successful that when I received my rejection, it struck
me as a bolt from the blue. Yet that is what happened. When I
presented myself to the rector, requesting an explanation for my
nonacceptance at the Academy's school of painting, that
gentleman assured me that the drawings I had submitted
incontrovertibly showed my unfitness for painting, and that my
ability obviously lay in the field of architecture; for me, he said,
the Academy's school of painting was out of the question, the
place for me was the School of Architecture. It was
incomprehensible to him that I had never attended an
architectural school or received any other training in architecture.
Downcast, I left von Hansen's magnificent building on the
Schillerplatz, for the first time in my young life at odds with
myself. For what I had just heard about my abilities seemed like
a lightning flash, suddenly revealing a conflict with which I had
long been afflicted, although until then I had no clear conception
of its why and wherefore.
In a few days I myself knew that I should some day become an
architect.
To be sure, it was an incredibly hard road; for the studies I had
neglected out of spite at the Realschule were sorely needed. One
could not attend the Academy's architectural school without
having attended the building school at the Technic, and the latter
required a highschool degree. I had none of all this. The fulfill
ment of my artistic dream seemed physically impossible.
When after the death of my mother I went to Vienna for the third
time, to remain for many years, the time which had meanwhile
elapsed had restored my calm and determination. My old
defiance had come back to me and my goal was now clear and
definite before my eyes. I wanted to become an architect, and
obstacles do not exist to be surrendered to, but only to be broken.
I was determined to overcome these obstacles, keeping before
my eyes the image of my father, who had started out as the child
of a village shoemaker, and risen by his own efforts to be a
government official. I had a better foundation to build on, and
hence my possibilities in the struggle were easier, and what then
seemed to be the harshness of Fate, I praise today as wisdom and
Providence. While the Goddess of Suffering took me in her arms,
often threatening to crush me, my will to resistance grew, and in
the end this will was victorious.
I owe it to that period that I grew hard and am still capable of
being hard. And even more, I exalt it for tearing me away from
the hollowness of comfortable life; for drawing the mother's
darling out of his soft downy bed and giving him 'Dame Care' for
a new mother; for hurling me, despite all resistance, into a world
of misery and poverty, thus making me acquainted with those for
whom I was later to fight.
In this period my eyes were opened to two menaces of which I
had previously scarcely known the names, and whose terrible
importance for the existence of the German people I certainly did
not understand: Marxism and Jewry.
To me Vienna, the city which, to so many, is the epitome of
innocent pleasure, a festive playground for merrymakers,
represents, I am sorry to say, merely the living memory of the
saddest period of my life.
Even today this city can arouse in me nothing but the most
dismal thoughts. For me the name of this Phaeacian city I
represents five years of hardship and misery. Five years in which
I was forced to earn a living, first as a day laborer, then as a small
painter; a truly meager living which never sufficed to appease
even my daily hunger. Hunger was then my faithful bodyguard;
he never left me for a moment and partook of all I had, share and
share alike. Every book I acquired aroused his interest; a visit to
the Opera prompted his attentions for days at a time; my life was
a continuous struggle with this pitiless friend. And yet during this
time I studied as never before. Aside from my architecture and
my rare visits to the Opera, paidfor in hunger, I had but one
pleasure: my books.
At that time I read enormously and thoroughly. All the free time
my work left me was employed in my studies. In this way I
forged in a few years' time the foundations of a knowledge from
which I still draw nourishment today.
And even more than this:
In this period there took shape within me a world picture and a
philosophy which became the granite foundation of all my acts.
In addition to what I then created, I have had to learn little; and I
have had to alter nothing.
On the contrary.
Today I am firmly convinced that basically and on the whole all
creative ideas appear in our youth, in so far as any such are
present. I distinguish between the wisdom of age, consisting
solely in greater thoroughness and caution due to the experience
of a long life, and the genius of youth, which pours out thoughts
and ideas with inexhaustible fertility, but cannot for the moment
develop them because of their very abundance. It is this youthful
genius which provides the building materials and plans for the
future, from which a wiser age takes the stones, carves them and
completes the edifice, in so far as the socalled wisdom of age
has not stifled the genius of youth.
The life which I had hitherto led at home differed little or not at
all from the life of other people. Carefree, I could await the new
day, and there was no social problem for me. The environment of
my youth consisted of pettybourgeois circles, hence of a world
having very little relation to the purely manual worker. For,
strange as it may seem at first glance, the cleft between this class,
which in an economic sense is by no means so brilliantly
situated, and the manual worker is often deeper than we imagine.
The reason for this hostility, as we might almost call it, lies in the
fear of a social group, which has but recently raised itself above
the level of the manual worker, that it will sink back into the old
despised class, or at least become identified with it. To this, in
many cases, we must add the repugnant memory of the cultural
poverty of this lower class, the frequent vulgarity of its social
intercourse; the petty bourgeois' own position in society,
however insignificant it may be, makes any contact with this
outgrown stage of life and culture intolerable.
Consequently, the higher classes feel less constraint in their
dealings with the lowest of their fellow men than seems possible
to the 'upstart.'
For anyone is an upstart who rises by his own efforts from his
previous position in life to a higher one.
Ultimately this struggle, which is often so hard, kills all pity. Our
own painful struggle for existence destroys our feeling for the
misery of those who have remained behind.
In this respect Fate was kind to me. By forcing me to return to
this world of poverty and insecurity, from which my father had
risen in the course of his life, it removed the blinders of a narrow
pettybourgeois upbringing from my eyes. Only now did I learn
to know humanity, learning to distinguish between empty
appearances or brutal externals and the inner being.
After the turn of the century, Vienna was, socially speaking, one
of the most backward cities in Europe.
Dazzling riches and loathsome poverty alternated sharply. In the
center and in the inner districts you could really feel the pulse of
this realm of fiftytwo millions, with all the dubious magic of the
national melting pot. The Court with its dazzling glamour
attracted wealth and intelligence from the rest of the country like
a magnet. Added to this was the strong centralization of the
Habsburg monarchy in itself.
It offered the sole possibility of holding this medley of nations
together in any set form. But the consequence was an
extraordinary concentration of high authorities in the imperial
capital Yet not only in the political and intellectual sense was
Vienna the center of the old Danube monarchy, but economically
as well. The host of high of officers, government officials, artists,
and scholars was confronted by an even greater army of workers,
and side by side with aristocratic and commercial wealth dwelt
dire poverty. Outside the palaces on the Ring loitered thousands
of unemployed, and beneath this Via Triumphalis of old Austria
dwelt the homeless in the gloom and mud of the canals.
In hardly any German city could the social question have been
studied better than in Vienna. But make no mistake. This
'studying' cannot be done from lofty heights. No one who has not
been seized in the jaws of this murderous viper can know its
poison fangs. Otherwise nothing results but superficial chatter
and false sentimentality. Both are harmful. The former because it
can never penetrate to the core of the problem, the latter because
it passes it by. I do not know which is more terrible: inattention
to social misery such as we see every day among the majority of
those who have been favored by fortune or who have risen by
their own efforts, or else the snobbish, or at times tactless and
obtrusive, condescension of certain women of fashion in skirts or
in trousers, who ' feel for the people.' In any event, these gentry
sin far more than their minds, devoid of all instinct, are capable
of realizing. Consequently, and much to their own amazement,
the result of their social 'efforts' is always nil, frequently, in fact,
an indignant rebuff, though this, of course, is passed off as a
proof of the people's ingratitude.
Such minds are most reluctant to realize that social endeavor has
nothing in common with this sort of thing; that above all it can
raise no claim to gratitude, since its function is not to distribute
favors but to restore rights.
I was preserved from studying the social question in such a way.
By drawing me within its sphere of suffering, it did not seem to
invite me to 'study,' but to experience it in my own skin. It was
none of its doing that the guinea pig came through the operation
safe and sound.
An attempt to enumerate the sentiments I experienced in that
period could never be even approximately complete; I shall
describe here only the most essential impressions, those which
often moved me most deeply, and the few lessons which I
derived from them at the time.
The actual business of finding work was, as a rule, not hard for
me, since I was not a skilled craftsman, but was obliged to seek
my daily bread as a socalled helper and sometimes as a casual
laborer.
I adopted the attitude of all those who shake the dust of Europe
from their feet with the irrevocable intention of founding a new
existence in the New World and conquering a new home.
Released from all the old, paralyzing ideas of profession and
position, environment and tradition, they snatch at every
livelihood that offers itself, grasp at every sort of work,
progressing step by step to the realization that honest labor, no
matter of what sort, disgraces no one. I, too, was determined to
leap into this new world, with both feet, and fight my way
through.
I soon learned that there was always some kind of work to be
had, but equally soon I found out how easy it was to lose it.
The uncertainty of earning my daily bread soon seemed to me
one of the darkest sides of my new life.
The ' skilled' worker does not find himself out on the street as
frequently as the unskilled; but he is not entirely immune to this
fate either. And in his case the loss of livelihood owing to lack of
work is replaced by the lockout, or by going on strike himself.
In this respect the entire economy suffers bitterly from the
individual's insecurity in earning his daily bread.
The peasant boy who goes to the big city, attracted by the easier
nature of the work (real or imaginary), by shorter hours, but most
of all by the dazzling light emanating from the metropolis, is
accustomed to a certain security in the matter of livelihood. He
leaves his old job only when there is at least some prospect of a
new one. For there is a great lack of agricultural workers, hence
the probability of any long period of unemployment is in itself
small. It is a mistake to believe that the young fellow who goes to
the big city is made of poorer stuff than his brother who
continues to make an honest living from the peasant sod. No, on
the contrary: experience shows that all those elements which
emigrate consist of the healthiest and most energetic natures,
rather than conversely. Yet among these 'emigrants' we must
count, not only those who go to America, but to an equal degree
the young farmhand who resolves to leave his native village for
the strange city. He, too, is prepared to face an uncertain fate. As
a rule he arrives in the big city with a certain amount of money;
he has no need to lose heart on the very first day if he has the ill
fortune to find no work for any length of time. But it is worse if,
after finding a job, he soon loses it. To find a new one, especially
in winter, is often difficult if not impossible. Even so, the first
weeks are tolerable. He receives an unemployment benefit from
his union funds and manages as well as possible. But when his
last cent is gone and the union, due to the long duration of his
unemployment, discontinues its payments, great hardships begin.
Now he walks the streets, hungry; often he pawns and sells his
last possessions; his clothing becomes more and more wretched;
and thus he sinks into external surroundings which, on top of his
physical misfortune, also poison his soul. If he is evicted and if
(as is so often the case) this occurs in winter, his misery is very
great. At length he finds some sort of job again. But the old story
is repeated. The same thing happens a second time, the third time
perhaps it is even worse, and little by little he learns to bear the
eternal insecurity with greater and greater indifference. At last
the repetition becomes a habit.
And so this man, who was formerly so hardworking, grows lax
in his whole view of life and gradually becomes the instrument
of those who use him only for their own base advantage. He has
so often been unemployed through no fault of his own that one
time more or less ceases to matter, even when the aim is no
longer to fight for economic rights, but to destroy political,
social, or culturaL values in general. He may not be exactly
enthusiastic about strikes, but at any rate he has become
indifferent.
With open eyes I was able to follow this process in a thousand
examples. The more I witnessed it, the greater grew my revulsion
for the big city which first avidly sucked men in and then so
cruelly crushed them.
When they arrived, they belonged to their people; after remaining
for a few years, they were lost to it.
I, too, had been tossed around by life in the metropolis in my
own skin I could feel the effects of this fate and taste them with
my soul. One more thing I saw: the rapid change from work to
unemployment and vice versa, plus the resultant fluctuation of
income, end by destroying in many all feeling for thrift, or any
understanding for a prudent ordering of their lives. It would seem
that the body gradually becomes accustomed to living on the fat
of the land in good times and going hungry in bad times. Indeed,
hunger destroys any resolution for reasonable budgeting in better
times to come by holding up to the eyes of its tormented victim
an eternal mirage of good living and raising this dream to such a
pitch of longing that a pathological desire puts an end to all
restraint as soon as wages and earnings make it at all possible.
The consequence is that once the man obtains work he
irresponsibly forgets all ideas of order and discipline, and begins
to live luxuriously for the pleasures of the moment. This upsets
even the small weekly budget, as even here any intelligent
apportionment is lacking; in the beginning it suffices for five
days instead of seven, later only for three, finally scarcely for one
day, and in the end it is drunk up in the very first night.
Often he has a wife and children at home. Sometimes they, too,
are infected by this life, especially when the man is good to them
on the whole and actually loves them in his own way. Then the
weekly wage is used up by the whole family in two or three days;
they eat and drink as long as the money holds out and the last
days they go hungry. Then the wife drags herself out into the
neighborhood, borrows a little, runs up little debts at the food
store, and in this way strives to get through the hard last days of
the week. At noon they all sit together before their meager and
sometimes empty bowls, waiting for the next payday, speaking
of it, making plans, and, in their hunger, dreaming of the
happiness to come.
And so the little children, in their earliest beginnings, are made
familiar with this misery.
It ends badly if the man goes his own way from the very
beginning and the woman, for the children's sake, opposes him.
Then there is fighting and quarreling, and, as the man grows
estranged from his wife, he becomes more intimate with alcohol.
He is drunk every Saturday, and, with her instinct of
selfpreservation for herself and her children, the woman has to
fight to get even a few pennies out of him; and, to make matters
worse, this usually occurs on his way from the factory to the
barroom. When at length he comes home on Sunday or even
Monday night, drunk and brutal, but always parted from his last
cent, such scenes often occur that God have mercy!
I have seen this in hundreds of instances. At first I was repelled
or even outraged, but later I understood the whole tragedy of this
misery and its deeper causes. These people are the unfortunate
victims of bad conditions!
Even more dismal in those days were the housing conditions.
The misery in which the Viennese day laborer lived was frightful
to behold. Even today it fills me with horror when I think of
these wretched caverns, the lodging houses and tenements, sordid
scenes of garbage, repulsive filth, and worse.
What wasand still isbound to happen some day, when the
stream of unleashed slaves pours forth from these miserable dens
to avenge themselves on their thoughtless fellow men F For
thoughtless they are!
Thoughtlessly they let things slide along, and with their utter lack
of intuition fail even to suspect that sooner or later Fate must
bring retribution, unless men conciliate Fate while there is still
time.
How thankful I am today to the Providence which sent me to that
school! In it I could no longer sabotage the subjects I did not like.
It educated me quickly and thoroughly.
If I did not wish to despair of the men who constituted my
environment at that time, I had to learn to distinguish between
their external characters and lives and the foundations of their
development. Only then could all this be borne without losing
heart. Then, from all the misery and despair, from all the filth and
outward degeneration, it was no longer human beings that
emerged, but the deplorable results of deplorable laws; and the
hardship of my own life, no easier than the others, preserved me
from capitulating in tearful sentimentality to the degenerate
products of this process of development.
No, this is not the way to understand all these things!
Even then I saw that only a twofold road could lead to the goal of
improving these conditions:
The deepest sense of social responsibility for the creation of
better foundations for our development, coupled with brutal
determination on breaking down incurable tenors.
Just as Nature does not concentrate her greatest attention in
preserving what exists, but in breeding offspring to carry on the
species, likewise, in human life, it is less important artificially to
alleviate existing evil, which, in view of human nature, is ninety
nine per cent impossible, than to ensure from the start healthier
channels for a future development.
During my struggle for existence in Vienna, it had become clear
to me that Social activity must never and on no account be
directed toward philanthropic flimflam, but rather toward the
elimination of the basic deficiencies in the organization of our
economic and cultural life that mustor at all events canlead to
the degeneration of the individual .
The difficulty of applying the most extreme and brutal methods
against the criminals who endanger the state lies not least in the
uncertainty of our judgment of the inner motives or causes of
such contemporary phenomena.
This uncertainty is only too well founded in our own sense of
guilt regarding such tragedies of degeneration; be that as it may,
it paralyzes any serious and firm decision and is thus partly
responsible for the weak and halfhearted, because hesitant,
execution of even the most necessary measures of
selfpreservation.
Only when an epoch ceases to be haunted by the shadow of its
own consciousness of guilt will it achieve the inner calm and
outward strength brutally and ruthlessly to prune off the wild
shoots and tear out the weeds.
Since the Austrian state had practically no social legislation or
jurisprudence, its weakness in combating even malignant tumors
was glaring.
I do not know what horrified me most at that time: the economic
misery of my companions, their moral and ethical coarseness, or
the low level of their intellectual development.
How often does our bourgeoisie rise in high moral indignation
when they hear some miserable tramp declare that it is all the
same to him whether he is a German or not, that he feels equally
happy wherever he is, as long as he has enough to live on!
This lack of 'national pride' is most profoundly deplored, and
horror at such an attitude is expressed in no uncertain terms.
How many people have asked themselves what was the real
reason for the superiority of their own sentiments?
How many are aware of the infinite number of separate
memories of the greatness of our national fatherland in all the
fields of cultural and artistic life, whose total result is to inspire
them with just pride at being members of a nation so blessed?
How many suspect to how great an extent pride in the fatherland
depends on knowledge of its greatness in all these fields?
Do our bourgeois circles ever stop to consider to what an
absurdly small extent this prerequisite of pride in the fatherland
is transmitted to the 'people'?
Let us not try to condone this by saying that ' it is no better in
other countries,' and that in those countries the worker avows his
nationality 'notwithstanding.' Even if this were so, it could serve
as no excuse for our own omissions. But it is not so; for the thing
that we constantly designate as 'chauvinistic' education; for
example among the French people, is nothing other than extreme
emphasis on the greatness of France in all the fields of culture,
or, as the Frenchman puts it, of 'civilization The fact is that the
young Frenchman is not brought up to be objective, but is
instilled with the most subjective conceivable view, in so far as
the importance of the political or cultural greatness of his
fatherland is concerned.
This education will always have to be limited to general and
extremely broad values which, if necessary, must be engraved in
the memory and feeling of the people by eternal repetition.
But to the negative sin of omission is added in our country the
positive destruction of the little which the individual has the good
fortune to learn in school. The rats that politically poison our
nation gnaw even this little from the heart and memory of the
broad masses, in so far as this has not been previously
accomplished by poverty and suffering.
Imagine, for instance, the following scene:
In a basement apartment, consisting of two stuffy rooms, dwells
a worker's family of seven. Among the five children there is a
boy of, let us assume, three years. This is the age in which the
first impressions are made on the consciousness of the child
Talented persons retain traces of memory from this period down
to advanced old age. The very narrowness and overcrowding of
the room does not lead to favorable conditions. Quarreling and
wrangling will very frequently arise as a result. In these
circumstances, people do not live with one another, they press
against one another. Every argument, even the most trifling,
which in a spacious apartment can be reconciled by a mild
segregation, thus solving itself, here leads to loathsome
wrangling without end. Among the children, of course, this is
still bearable; they always fight under such circumstances, and
among themselves they quickly and thoroughly forget about it.
But if this battle is carried on between the parents themselves,
and almost every day in forms which for vulgarity often leave
nothing to be desired, then, if only very gradually, the results of
such visual instruction must ultimately become apparent in the
children. The character the) will inevitably assume if this mutual
quarrel takes the form of brutal attacks of the father against the
mother, of drunken beatings, is hard for anyone who does not
know this milieu to imagine. At the age of six the pitiable little
boy suspects the existence of things which can inspire even an
adult with nothing but horror. Morally poisoned, physically
undernourished, his poor little head full of lice, the young
'citizen' goes off to public school. After a great struggle he may
learn to read and write, but that is about all. His doing any
homework is out of the question. On the contrary, the very
mother and father, even in the presence of the children, talk about
his teacher and school in terms which are not fit to be repeated,
and are more inclined to curse the latter to their face than to take
their little offspring across their knees and teach them some
sense. All the other things that the little fellow hears at home do
not tend to increase his respect for his dear fellow men. Nothing
good remains of humanity, no institution remains unassailed;
beginning with his teacher and up to the head of the government,
whether it is a question of religion or of morality as such, of the
state or society, it is all the same, everything is reviled in the
most obscene terms and dragged into the filth of the basest
possible outlook. When at the age of fourteen the young man is
discharged from school, it is hard to decide what is stronger in
him: his incredible stupidity as far as any real knowledge and
ability are concerned, or the corrosive insolence of his behavior,
combined with an immorality, even at this age, which would
make your hair stand on end What position can this manto
whom even now hardly anything is holy, who, just as he has
encountered no greatness conversely suspects and knows all the
sordidness of life occupy in the life into which he is now
preparing to emerge?
The threeyearold child has become a fifteenyearold despiser
of all authority. Thus far, aside from dirt and filth, this young
man has seen nothing which might inspire him to any higher
enthusiasm.
But only now does he enter the real university of this existence.
Now he begins the same life which all along his childhood years
he has seen his father living. He hangs around the street corners
and bars, coming home God knows when; and for a change now
and then he beats the brokendown being which was once his
mother, curses God and the world, and at length is convicted of
some particular offense and sent to a house of correction.
There he receives his last polish.
And his dear bourgeois fellow men are utterly amazed at the lack
of 'national enthusiasm' in this young 'citizen.'
Day by day, in the theater and in the movies, in backstairs
literature and the yellow press, they see the poison poured into
the people by bucketfuls, and then they are amazed at the low
'moral content,' the 'national indifference,' of the masses of the
people.
As though trashy films, yellow press, and suchlike dung could.
furnish the foundations of a knowledge of the greatness of our
fatherland!quite aside from the early education of the individual.
What I had never suspected before, I quickly and thoroughly
learned in those years:
The question of the 'nationalization' of a people is, among other
things, primarily a question of creating healthy social conditions
as a foundation for the possibility of educating the individual.
For only those who through school and upbringing learn to know
the cultural, economic, but above all the political, greatness of
their own fatherland can and unit achieve the inner pride in the
privilege of being a member of such a people. And I can fight
only for something that I love, love only what I respect, and
respect only what I at least know.
Once my interest in the social question was aroused, I began to
study it with all thoroughness. It was a new and hitherto
unknown world which opened before me.
In the years 1909 and 1910, my own situation had changed
somewhat in so far as I no longer had to earn my daily bread as a
common laborer. By this time I was working independently as a
small draftsman and painter of watercolors. Hard as this was with
regard to earningsit was barely enough to live on it was good
for my chosen profession. Now I was no longer dead tired in the
evening when I came home from work, unable to look at a book
without soon dozing off. My present work ran parallel to my
future profession. Moreover, I was master of my own time and
could apportion it better than had previously been possible.
I painted to make a living and studied for pleasure.
Thus I was able to supplement my visual instruction in the social
problem by theoretical study. I studied more or less all of the
books I was able to obtain regarding this whole field, and for the
rest immersed myself in my own thoughts.
I believe that those who knew me in those days took me for an
eccentric.
Amid all this, as was only natural, I served my love of
architecture with ardent zeal. Along with music, it seemed to me
the queen of the arts: under such circumstances my concern with
it was not 'work.' but the greatest pleasure. I could read and draw
until late into the night, and never grow tired. Thus my faith grew
that my beautiful dream for the future would become reality after
all, even though this might require long years. I was firmly
convinced that I should some day make a name for myself as an
architect.
In addition, I had the greatest interest in everything connected
with politics, but this did not seem to me very significant. On the
contrary: in my eyes this was the selfevident duty of every
thinking man. Anyone who failed to understand this lost the right
to any criticism or complaint.
In this field, too, I read and studied much.
By 'reading,' to be sure, I mean perhaps something different than
the average member of our socalled 'intelligentsia.'
I know people who 'read' enormously, book for book, letter for
letter, yet whom I would not describe as 'wellread.' True they
possess a mass of 'knowledge,' but their brain is unable to
organize and register the material they have taken in. They lack
the art of sifting what is valuable for them in a book from that
which is without value, of retaining the one forever, and, if
possible, not even seeing the rest, but in any case not dragging it
around with them as useless ballast. For reading is no end in
itself, but a means to an end. It should primarily help to fill the
framework constituted by every man's talents and abilities; in
addition, it should provide the tools and building materials which
the individual needs for his life's work, regardless whether this
consists in a primitive struggle for sustenance or the satisfaction
of a high calling; secondly, it should transmit a general world
view. In both cases, however, it is essential that the con tent of
what one reads at any time should not be transmitted to the
memory in the sequence of the book or books, but like the stone
of a mosaic should fit into the general world picture in its proper
place, and thus help to form this picture in the mind of the reader.
Otherwise there arises a confused muddle of memorized facts
which not only are worthless, but also make their unto fortunate
possessor conceited. For such a reader now believes himself in
all seriousness to be {educated,' to understand something of life,
to have knowledge, while in reality, with every new acquisition
of this kind of 'education,' he is growing more and more removed
from the world until, not infrequently, he ends up in a sanitarium
or in parliament.
Never will such a mind succeed in culling from the confusion of
his ' knowledge ' anything that suits the demands of the hour, for
his intellectual ballast is not organized along the lines of life, but
in the sequence of the books as he read them and as their content
has piled up in his brain If Fate, in the requirements of his daily
life, desired to remind him to make a correct application of what
he had read, it would have to indicate title and page number,
since the poor fool would otherwise never in all his life find the
correct place. But since Fate does not do this, these bright boys in
any critical situation come into the most terrible embarrassment,
cast about convulsively for analogous cases, and with mortal
certainty naturally find the wrong formulas.
If this were not true, it would be impossible for us to understand
the political behavior of our learned and highly placed
government heroes, unless we decided to assume outright
villainy instead of pathological propensities.
On the other hand, a man who possesses the art of correct reading
will, in studying any book, magazine, or pamphlet, instinctively
and immediately perceive everything which in his opinion is
worth permanently remembering, either because it is suited to his
purpose or generally worth knowing. Once the knowledge he has
achieved in this fashion is correctly coordinated within the
somehow existing picture of this or that subject created by the
imaginations it will function either as a corrective or a
complement, thus enhancing either the correctness or the clarity
of the picture. Then, if life suddenly sets some question before us
for examination or answer, the memory, if this method of reading
is observed, will immediately take the existing picture as a norm,
and from it will derive all the individual items regarding these
questions, assembled in the course of decades, submit them to the
mind for examination and reconsideration, until the question is
clarified or answered.
Only this kind of reading has meaning and purpose.
An orator, for example, who does not thus provide his
intelligence with the necessary foundation will never be in a
position cogently to defend his view in the face of opposition,
though it may be a thousand times true or real. In every
discussion his memory will treacherously leave him in the lurch;
he will find neither grounds for reinforcing his own contentions
nor any for confuting those of his adversary. If, as in the case of a
speaker, it is only a question of making a fool of himself
personally, it may not be so bad, but not so when Fate
predestines such a knowitall incompetent to be the leader of a
state.
Since my earliest youth I have endeavored to read in the correct
way, and in this endeavor I have been most happily supported by
my memory and intelligence. Viewed in this light, my Vienna
period was especially fertile and valuable. The experiences of
daily life provided stimulation for a constantly renewed study of
the most varied problems. Thus at last I was in a position to
bolster up reality by theory and test theory by reality, and was
preserved from being stifled by theory or growing banal through
reality.
In this period the experience of daily life directed and stimulated
me to the most thorough theoretical study of two questions in
addition to the social question.
Who knows when I would have immersed myself in the doctrines
and essence of Marxism if that period had not literally thrust my
nose into the problem!
What I knew of Social Democracy in my youth was exceedingly
little and very inaccurate.
I was profoundly pleased that it should carry on the struggle for
universal suffrage and the secret ballot. For even then my
intelligence told me that this must help to weaken the Habsburg
regime which I so hated. In the conviction that the Austrian
Empire could never be preserved except by victimizing its
Germans, but that even the price of a gradual Slavization of the
German element by no means provided a guaranty of an empire
really capable of survival, since the power of the Slavs to uphold
the state must be estimated as exceedingly dubious, I welcomed
every development which in my opinion would inevitably lead to
the collapse of this impossible state which condemned ten
million Germans to death. The more the linguistic Babel
corroded and disorganized parliament, the closer drew the
inevitable hour of the disintegration of this Babylonian Empire,
and with it the hour of freedom for my GermanAustrian people.
Only in this way could the Anschluss with the old mother
country be restored.
Consequently, this activity of the Social Democracy was not
displeasing to me. And the fact that it strove to improve the
living conditions of the worker, as, in my innocence, I was still
stupid enough to believe, likewise seemed to speak rather for it
than against it. What most repelled me was its hostile attitude
toward the struggle for the preservation of Germanism, its
disgraceful courting of the Slavic 'comrade,' who accepted this
declaration of love in so far as it was bound up with practical
concessions, but otherwise maintained a lofty and arrogant
reserve, thus giving the obtrusive beggars their deserved reward.
Thus, at the age of seventeen the word 'Marxism' was as yet little
known to me, while ' Social Democracy ' and socialism seemed
to me identical concepts. Here again it required the fist of Fate to
open my eyes to this unprecedented betrayal of the peoples.
Up to that time I had known the Social Democratic Party only as
an onlooker at a few mass demonstrations, without possessing
even the slightest insight into the mentality of its adherents or the
nature of its doctrine; but now, at one stroke, I came into contact
with the products of its education and 'philosophy.' And in a few
months I obtained what might otherwise have required decades:
an understanding of a pestilential whore,l cloaking herself as
social virtue and brotherly love, from which I hope humanity will
rid this earth with the greatest dispatch, since otherwise the earth
might well become rid of humanity.
My first encounter with the Social Democrats occurred during
my employment as a building worker.
From the very beginning it was none too pleasant. ;My clothing
was still more or less in order, my speech cultivated, and my
manner reserved. I was still so busy with my own destiny that I
could not concern myself much with the people around me. I
looked for work only to avoid starvation, only to obtain an
opportunity of continuing my education, though ever so slowly.
Perhaps I would not have concerned myself at all with my new
environment if on the third or fourth day an event had not taken
place which forced me at once to take a position. I was asked to
join the organization.
My knowledge of tradeunion organization was at that time
practically nonexistent. I could not have proved that its
existence was either beneficial or harmful. When I was told that I
had to join, I refused. The reason I gave was that I did not
understand the matter, but that I would not let myself be forced
into anything. Perhaps my first reason accounts for my not being
thrown out at once. They may perhaps have hoped to convert me
or break down my resistance in a few days. In any event, they
had made a big mistake. At the end of two weeks I could no
longer have joined, even if I had wanted to. In these two weeks I
came to know the men around me more closely, and no power in
the world could have moved me to join an organization whose
members had meanwhile come to appear to me in so unfavorable
a light.
During the first days I was irritable.
At noon some of the workers went to the nearby taverns while
others remained at the building site and ate a lunch which, as a
rule was quite wretched. These were the married men whose
wives brought them their noonday soup in pathetic bowls.
Toward the end of the week their number always increased, why
I did not understand until later. On these occasions politics was
discussed.
I drank my bottle of milk and ate my piece of bread somewhere
off to one side, and cautiously studied my new associates or
reflected on my miserable lot. Nevertheless, I heard more than
enough; and often it seemed to me that they purposely moved
closer to me, perhaps in order to make me take a position. In any
case, what I heard was of such a nature as to infuriate me in the
extreme. These men rejected everything: the nation as an
invention of the ' capitalistic ' (how often was I forced to hear this
single word!) classes; the fatherland as an instrument of the
bourgeoisie for the exploitation of the working class; the
authority of law as a means for oppressing the proletariat; the
school as an institution for breeding slaves and slaveholders;
religion as a means for stultifying the people and making them
easier to exploit; morality as a symptom of stupid, sheeplike
patience, etc. There was absolutely nothing which was not drawn
through the mud of a terrifying depths At first I tried to keep
silent. But at length it became impossible. I began to take a
position and to oppose them. But I was forced to recognize that
this was utterly hopeless until I possessed certain definite
knowledge of the controversial points. And so I began to
examine the sources from which they drew this supposed
wisdom. I studied book after book, pamphlet after pamphlet.
From then on our discussions at work were often very heated. I
argued back, from day to day better informed than my
antagonists concerning their own knowledge, until one day they
made use of the weapon which most readily conquers reason:
terror and violence. A few of the spokesmen on the opposing side
forced me either to leave the building at once or be thrown off
the scaffolding. Since I was alone and resistance seemed
hopeless, I preferred, richer by one experience, to follow the
former counsel.
I went away filled with disgust, but at the same time so agitated
that it would have been utterly impossible for me to turn my back
on the whole business. No, after the first surge of indignation, my
stubbornness regained the upper hand. I was determined to go to
work on another building in spite of my experience. In this
decision I was reinforced by Poverty which, a few weeks later,
after I had spent what little I had saved from my wages. enfolded
me in her heartless arms. I had to go back whether I wanted to or
not. The same old story began anew and ended very much the
same as the first time.
I wrestled with my innermost soul: are these people human,
worthy to belong to a great nation?
A painful question; for if it is answered in the affirmative, the
struggle for my nationality really ceases to be worth the
hardships and sacrifices which the best of us have to make for the
sake of such scum; and if it is answered in the negative, our
nation is pitifully poor in human beings.
On such days of reflection and cogitation, I pondered with
anxious concern on the masses of those no longer belonging to
their people and saw them swelling to the proportions of a
menacing army.
With what changed feeling I now gazed at the endless columns
of a mass demonstration of Viennese workers that took place one
day as they marched past four abreast! For neatly two hours I
stood there watching with bated breath the gigantic human
dragon slowly winding by. In oppressed anxiety, I finally left the
place and sauntered homeward. In a tobacco shop on the way I
saw the ArbeiterZeitung, the central organ of the old Austrian
Social Democracy. It was available in a cheap people's cafe, to
which I often went to read newspapers; but up to that time I had
not been able to bring myself to spend more than two minutes on
the miserable sheet, whose whole tone affected me like moral
vitriol. Depressed by the demonstration, I was driven on by an
inner voice to buy the sheet and read it carefully. That evening I
did so, fighting down the fury that rose up in me from time to
time at this concentrated solution of lies.
More than any theoretical literature, my daily reading of the
Social Democratic press enabled me to study the inner nature of
these thoughtprocesses.
For what a difference between the glittering phrases about
freedom, beauty, and dignity in the theoretical literature, the
delusive welter of words seemingly expressing the most
profound and laborious wisdom, the loathsome humanitarian
morality all this written with the incredible gall that comes with
prophetic certaintyand the brutal daily press, shunning no
villainy, employing every means of slander, lying with a
virtuosity that would bend iron beams, all in the name of this
gospel of a new humanity. The one is addressed to the simpletons
of the middle, not to mention the upper, educated, 'classes,' the
other to the masses.
For me immersion in the literature and press of this doctrine and
organization meant finding my way back to my own people.
What had seemed to me an unbridgable gulf became the source
of a greater love than ever before.
Only a fool can behold the work of this villainous poisoner and
still condemn the victim. The more independent I made myself in
the next few years the clearer grew my perspective, hence my
insight into the inner causes of the Social Democratic successes.
I now understood the significance of the brutal demand that I
read only Red papers, attend only Red meetings, read only Red
books, etc. With plastic clarity I saw before my eyes the
inevitable result of this doctrine of intolerance.
The psyche of the great masses is not receptive to anything that is
halfhearted and weak.
Like the woman, whose psychic state is determined less by
grounds of abstract reason than by an indefinable emotional
longing for a force which will complement her nature, and who,
consequently, would rather bow to a strong man than dominate a
weakling, likewise the masses love a commander more than a
petitioner and feel inwardly more satisfied by a doctrine,
tolerating no other beside itself, than by the granting of
liberalistic freedom with which, as a rule, they can do little, and
are prone to feel that they have been abandoned. They are
equally unaware of their shameless spiritual terrorization and the
hideous abuse of their human freedom, for they absolutely fail to
suspect the inner insanity of the whole doctrine. All they see is
the ruthless force and brutality of its calculated manifestations, to
which they always submit in the end.
If Social Democracy is opposed by a doctrine of greater truth, but
equal brutality of methods, the latter will conquer, though this
may require the bitterest struggle.
Before two years had passed, the theory as well as the technical
methods of Social Democracy were clear to me.
I understood the infamous spiritual terror which this movement
exerts, particularly on the bourgeoisie, which is neither morally
nor mentally equal to such attacks; at a given sign it unleashes a
veritable barrage of lies and slanders against whatever adversary
seems most dangerous, until the nerves of the attacked persons
break down and, just to have peace again, they sacrifice the hated
individual.
However, the fools obtain no peace.
The game begins again and is repeated over and over until fear of
the mad dog results in suggestive paralysis.
Since the Social Democrats best know the value of force from
their own experience, they most violently attack those in whose
nature they detect any of this substance which is so rare.
Conversely, they praise every weakling on the opposing side,
sometimes cautiously, sometimes loudly, depending on the real
or supposed quality of his intelligence.
They fear an irnpotent, spineless genius less than a forceful
nature of moderate intelligence.
But with the greatest enthusiasm they commend weaklings in
both mind and force.
They know how to create the illusion that this is the only way of
preserving the peace, and at the same time, stealthily but steadily,
they conquer one position after another, sometimes by silent
blackmail, sometimes by actual theft, at moments when the
general attention is directed toward other matters, and either does
not want to be disturbed or considers the matter too small to raise
a stir about, thus again irritating the vicious antagonist.
This is a tactic based on precise calculation of all human
weaknesses, and its result will lead to success with almost
mathematical certainty unless the opposing side learns to combat
poison gas with poison gas.
It is our duty to inform all weaklings that this is a question of to
be or not to be.
I achieved an equal understanding of the importance of physical
terror toward the individual and the masses.
Here, too, the psychological effect can be calculated with
precision.
Terror at the place of employment, in the factory, in the meeting
hall, and on the occasion of mass demonstrations will always be
successful unless opposed by equal terror.
In this case, to be sure, the party will cry bloody murder; though
it has long despised all state authority, it will set up a howling cry
for that same authority and in most cases will actually attain its
goal amid the general confusion: it will find some idiot of a
higher official who, in the imbecilic hope of propitiating the
feared adversary for later eventualities, will help this world
plague to break its opponent.
The impression made by such a success on the minds of the great
masses of supporters as well as opponents can only be measured
by those who know the soul of a people, not from books, but
from life. For while in the ranks of their supporters the victory
achieved seems a triumph of the justice of their own cause, the
defeated adversary in most cases despairs of the success of any
further resistance.
The more familiar I became, principally with the methods of
physical terror, the more indulgent I grew toward all the
hundreds of thousands who succumbed to it.
What makes me most indebted to that period of suffering is that
it alone gave back to me my people, taught me to distinguish the
victims from their seducers.
The results of this seduction can be designated only as victims.
For if I attempted to draw a few pictures from life, depicting the
essence of these 'lowest' classes, my picture would not be
complete without the assurance that in these depths I also found
bright spots in the form of a rare willingness to make sacrifices,
of loyal comradeship, astonishing frugality, and modest reserve,
especially among the older workers. Even though these virtues
were steadily vanishing in the younger generation, if only
through the general effects of the big city, there were many, even
among the young men, whose healthy blood managed to
dominate the foul tricks of life. If in their political activity, these
good, often kindhearted people nevertheless joined the mortal
enemies of our nationality, thus helping to cement their ranks, the
reason was that they neither understood nor could understand the
baseness of the new doctrine, and that no one else took the
trouble to bother about them, and finally that the social
conditions were stronger than any will to the contrary that may
have been present. The poverty to which they sooner or later
succumbed drove them into the camp of the Social Democracy.
Since on innumerable occasions the bourgeoisie has in the
clumsiest and most immoral way opposed demands which were
justified from the universal human point of view, often without
obtaining or even justifiably expecting any profit from such an
attitude, even the most selfrespecting worker was driven out of
the tradeunion organization into political activity.
Millions of workers, I am sure, started out as enemies of the
Social Democratic Party in their innermost soul, but their
resistance was overcome in a way which was sometimes utterly
insane; that is, when the bourgeois parties adopted a hostile
attitude toward every demand of a social character. Their simple,
narrowminded rejection of all attempts to better working
conditions, to introduce safety devices on machines, to prohibit
child labor and protect the woman, at least in the months when
she was bearing the future national comrade under her heart,
contributed to drive the masses into the net of Social Democracy
which gratefully snatched at every case of such a disgraceful
attitude. Never can our political bourgeoisie make good its sins
in this direction, for by resisting all attempts to do away with
social abuses, they sowed hatred and seemed to justify even the
assertions of the mortal enemies of the entire nation, to the effect
that only the Social Democratic Party represented the interests of
the working people Thus, to begin with, they created the moral
basis for the actual existence of the trade unions, the organization
which has always been the most effective pander to the political
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