2. Etiology
SVC syndrome (SVCS) may be related to various etiological factors. Malignancies are
predominant (95%) while, in the past, infectious diseases used to be common. During the
last century, progression in anti-bacterial therapies and improvement in social conditions
have led to a consistent decrease in the benign origin of this condition. The incidence of
iatrogenic SVCS is currently increasing [3,4].
SVCS etiology is summarized as follows:
- Malignant
•
Lung cancer
•
Lymphomas
•
Thymoma
•
Mediastinal germ cell tumors
•
Mediastinal metastases
•
Mesothelioma
•
Leiomyosarcoma and angiosarcoma
•
Neoplastic thrombi
•
Anaplastic thyroid cancer
- Benign
•
Fibrosing mediastinitis (idiopathic or radiation-induced)
•
Infectious diseases (tubercolosis, histoplasmosis, echinococcosis, syphilis,
aspergillosis, blastomycosis, filariasis, nocardiosis…)
•
Thrombosis (non-neoplastic)
•
Lymphadenopaties (sarcoidosis, Behçet’s syndrome, Castelman’s disease…)
•
Aortic aneurysm
•
Substernal goiter
•
Pericardial, thymic, bronchogenic cysts
- Iatrogenic
•
Pacemaker and defibrillator placement
•
Central venous catheters
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