66
69
71
72
74
.76
76
76
78
78
79
81
. 82
.
86
. 87
.
88
.
88
. 90
. 92
. 93
. 94
Oqsil sintezining b o sq ich lari. Translyatsiyadan keyingi o ‘zgarishlar...........98
Oqsil biosintezining boshqarilishi. O qsil sintezi in g ib ito rlari....................... 105
VBOB
F E R M E N T L A R
Ferm entlam ing umum iy x ususiyatlari................................................................. I l l
Ferm entlam ing spetsifik ta’sir q ilis h i..................................................................
1 11
Tirik organizmlarda fermentativ reaksiyalar tezligining
haroratga b o g 'liq lig i...............................................................................................
117
Ferm entlam ing tasnifi va nom enklaturasi........................................................... 119
Ferm entlar faolligini o'lchash b irlik lari..............................................................
1
22
Ferm entlar faolligining boshqarilishi.................................................................. 123
Klinik en z im o lo g iy a .............................................................................................. 129
VI
BOB
V I T A M I N L A R
Vitaminlar haqida umum iy tu sh u n c h a ................................................................ 135
Vitaminlar tasnifi .................................................................................................... 136
Vitamin A - retinol, antikseroftalmik v ita m in ................................................. 139
Vitamin D - kalsiferol va antiraxitik v ita m in .................................................... 142
Vitamin K ..................................................................................................................
1 4 4
Vitamin E ..................................................................................................................
1 45
Suvda eruvchan v ita m in la r...................................................................................
1 47
Vitamin B ...................................................................................................................
1 4 7
Vitamin B , .................................................................................................................
1 4 7
Vitamin P P ............................................................................................................... 150
Vitamin B
6
................................................................................................................. 150
Piridoksal-5-fosfatning asosiy biokim yoviy fu n k s iy a la r i............................. 151
Biotin (vitam in H ) ...................................................................................................
15 2
Folat kislota .............................................................................................................
1 5 3
Vitamin B . , ................................................................................................................ 153
Pantoten kislota (B , v ita m in i)..............................................................................
1 5 4
Vitamin C ..................................................................................................................
1 5 5
Vitaminsimon m o d d a la r........................................................................................ 156
U b ix in o n ...................................................................................................................
1 5 6
Essensial y o g ‘ kislotalar (vitamin F ) .................................................................. 157
Bioflavonoidlar (Vitamin P) ................................................................................
1 5 7
Para-am inobenzoy kislota (P A B K )..................................................................... 157
In o z it..........................................................................................................................
158
Orotat kislota ...........................................................................................................
158
S-metilmetionin (vitamin U ) ................................................................................
1
58
K a m itin ..................................................................................................................... 158
Lipoat k is lo ta ...........................................................................................................
Pangam kislotasi (vitam in B |s) ........................................................................... 159
X o lin .......................................................................................................................... 1^9
Alim entar va ikkilam chi avitam inoz, gipovitam inozlar................................. 159
A ntivitam inlar.......................................................................................................... *6*
VII BOB
M O D D A ALMASHINUVIGA K IR IS H
OV QATLA N ISH BIOK IM YO SI
M odda alm ashinuvi v a u n in g asosiy bo sq ich lari............................................. 162
Ovqatlanish b io k im y o s i........................................................................................ 164
M etabolizm to 'g 'ris id a tushuncha va metabolik y o i l a r ................................ 167
M odda alm ashinuvining o 'rg an ish y o il a r i ....................................................... 168
D ezintegratsiyalash................................................................................................ 168
VIII BOB
B IO L O G IK MEMBRANALAR
Biom em branalar vazifasi va tu z ilis h i................................................................ .170
Membrana o q s illa ri................................................................................................ .' ^2
M embrana uglevodlari: glikoproteinlar, g lik o lip id lar.....................................174
M em branalardagi lipid q o 's h q a v a t.................................................................... .174
M oddalam ing m em branalar orqali o ‘tkazilishi.................................................175
E n d o tsito z ..................................................................................................................1^9
H ujayra m em branasidagi re tse p to rla r.................................................................180
L iz o so m a la r............................................................................................................. .'8 2
IX BOB
B IO L O G IK OKSIDLANISH
Biologik oksidlanish to ‘g ‘risida tushuncha ...................................................... 183
ADFning fosforillanishi (substratli va oksidlanishii fosfonllanishi) .......... 188
O ksidlanishli fosforillanish mexanizmi ...................................................... •• 189
Nafas olish va fosforillanish ingibitorlari ........................................................ 190
M ikrosomal o k sid la n ish ................................ ................... ................................... '9 0
K atabolizm ning um um iy y o i l a r i ....................................................................... 194
Pirouzum kislotasining oksidlanish y o ii bilan d ek arb o k sillan ish i............. 195
Limon kislota s i k l i ................................................................................................. 197
K atabalizm ning u m um iy y o ila r i bilan elektronlar taslush
zanjirining b o g i a n i s h i.......................................................................................... 201
Uchkarbon kislotalar sikli boshqarilishining allostenk m ex an izm lari........ 202
T o'qim a nafas olishida karbonat angidridning hosil b o i i s h i ........................ 202
Krebs siklining b io kim yoviy funksiyalari ........................................................ 203
UGLEVODLAR ALMASHINUVI
O vqat tarkibiga kiruvchi uglevodlar va ulam ing fu n k s iy a s i......................... 204
U glevodlam ing hazm lanishi va s o 'r i li s h i.......................................................... 206
Glyukozaning k ata b o liz m i.................................................................................... 207
Uglevodlam ing aerob y o ‘l bilan oksidlanishi va uning
fiziologik ah am iy a ti................................................................................................ 207
Vodorodning (H 2) sitoplazmadan m itohondriyaga o 'tish
«mokki» mexanizm i................................................................................................ 208
U glevodlam ing anaerob y o ‘1 bilan parchalanishi
(glikoliz va g likogenoliz)....................................................................................... 210
Glyukozaning laktat va piruvatdan biosintezlanishi (g ly u k o n eo g en ez)...... 212
Biotin va uning uglevod alm ashinuvidagi v a z if a s i.......................................... 212
G likoliz va glyukoneogenezning allosterik b o sh q a rilish i.............................. 214
G likoliz va glyukoneogenezning o 'zaro b o g 'liq lig i (K ori s i k l i ) ................. 215
Glyukozaning pentozofosfat siklida (apotom ik y o ‘l)
parchalanishi va uning fiziologik a h a m iy a ti..................................................... 216
Saxaroza, Iaktoza, fruktoza, galaktoza alm ashinuvi va uning nasliy
b u zilish lari................................................................................................................ 218
G likogenning fiziologik ahamiyati va m e ta b o liz m i....................................... 221
Glikogen alm ashuvini adrenalin va insulin ta ’sirida
regulyatsiyasining m olekulyar m exanizm i......................................................... 223
Q ondagi glyukoza m iqdorining boshqariluvi ................................................... 225
U glevodlar alm ashuvining b u z ilis h i................................................................... 226
Q a n d lid iab et............................................................................................................ 226
Glikogenozlar va ag lik o g en o zlar......................................................................... 228
Glikoprotein, proteoglikan, glikolipidlam ing uglevod qism ini
tuzilish va fim ksiyalari........................................................................................... 229
XI
BOB
LIPIDLAR ALMASHINUVI
Lipidlam ing asosiy s in f la r i................................................................................... 234
S te ro id la r.................................................................................................................. 237
Yog‘laming oziqlanishdagi ahamiyati ............................................................... 238
Yog‘lam ing h azm lan ish i........................................................................................ 239
Y o g ia r hazm b o ‘lishiga o ‘t kislotalam ing ta ’siri ............................................ 239
Y og'lam ing so'rilishi va ichak devorida resintezi ...........................................241
Yog‘laming qondagi transport shak llari............................................................ 242
Yog* kislotalarining o k sid lan ish i......................................................................... 243
Yog' kislotalam ing (»-oksidlanishi..................................................................... 244
Toq sonli uglerod tutuvchi yog' kislotalam ing o k sid la n ish i........................ 245
Yog* kislotalar s i n te z i..............................................................................................245
To'yinm agan y o g ‘ kislotalar sin te z i..................................................................... 247
Triglitseridlar sin tezlan ish i..................................................................................... 247
Yog'lar biosintezining boshqarilishi..................................................................... 247
Fosfoglitseridlar b io sin te z i..................................................................................... 248
Yog'larning to 'p lan ish i (s e m iz lik )........................................................................248
Yog'lar sarflanishining kuchayishi yoki k ax ek siy a........................................... 249
Hujayra yog'larn in g parchalanishi........................................................................249
Keton tanachalari m etabolizm i.............................................................................. 250
K etonuriya..................................................................................................................250
G iperlipoproteinem iyalar....................................................................................... 251
Xolesterin b io s in te z i................................................................................................252
Xolesterinning q onda ta sh ilish i............................................................................. 253
Xolesterinning organizm dagi aham iyati............................................................. 254
Ateroskleroz n a z a riy a la ri....................................................................................... 254
XII BOB
ODDIY OQSILLAR ALMASHINUVI
Iste’mol qilinadigan oqsil m e y o r i.........................................................................256
Musbat va m anfiy azot b alan si.............................................................................. 256
Oqsillaming biologik q iy m a ti............................................................................... 257
Parenteral o ziq la n ish ................................................................................................258
Oqsillar h a z m la n ish i................................................................................................259
Xlorid kislotasining hosil bo'lish mexanizmi va a h a m iy a ti............................. 261
O 'n ikki barm oqli ichakda oqsillaming hazm b o 'lis h i...................................... 262
Ichakda am inokislotalam ing s o 'rilis h i.................................................................264
Hazmlanish jarayonlarini boshqarilishi................................................................265
Ichakda am inokislotalam ing chirishi va jigarda chirish mahsulotlarini
zararsizlan tirilish i.................................................................................................... 266
Endogen oqsillarining to'qim alarda parchalanishi............................................. 268
A m inokislotalam ing safarbarligi...........................................................................269
Toqimalararo am inokislotalam ing alm ashinuvi.................................................. 271
Aminokislotalar k atab o lizm i................................................................................. 273
A m inokislotalam ing dezam inlanishi....................................................................273
A m inokislotalam ing dekarboksillanishi.............................................................. 277
A m inokislotalam ing uglerod skeletini o'zgarishi
bilan boradigan reak siy alar....................................................................................281
Transmetillanish re a k s iy a la ri................................................................................ 282
Antim etabolitlar haqida tushuncha....................................................................... 284
Ba’zi am inokislotalam ing alm ashinuvi............................................................... 284
Ammiakni zararsizlantirish y o 'lla ri...................................................................... 288
N U K LEO TID LA R ALM A SHIN UVI VA V A Z IF A IA R I
Purinli nukleotidlar biosintezi.................................................................
297
Purinli nukleotidlaming adenin va guanindan
biologik yo‘l bilan sintezlanishi....................................................................
299
Purinli nulleozidlar katabolizmi.....................................................................
300
Pirimidinli nukleotidlar alm ashinuvi.........................................................
3Q3
Dezoksiribonukleotidlar biosintezi...........................................................
305
Pirimidinli nukleozidlar parchalanishi............................................................ 3%
Orotatatsiduriya...........................................................................
3Qg
XIV BOB
UGLEVOD, Y O G ‘ VA A M INOK ISLOTALAR A LM A SHIN UVIN ING
O 'Z A R O B O G 'L IQ L IG I
Aminokislotalar azotsiz qoldig‘ining alm ashinuvi...........................
309
Aminokislota va glitserindan glyukoza s in te z i...............................................310
Aminokislotalammg uglevodlardan biosintezi............................................
3 j j
Uglevodlardan yog* laming biosintezi............................................................... 31 j
XV BOB
MODDALAR ALMASHINUVI VA FU NKSIYALARNING G O R M O N LA R
ISH TIRO K ID A I DORA E TIL ISH I
Gormonlar tasnifi......................................................................
3 jg
Gormonlar signalini o‘tkazishning molekulyar m exanizm lari.....................
320
Adenilatsiklaza messenjer sistem asi........................................................
320
Guanilatsiklaza messenjer sistem asi................................................................ 325
C a12 messenjer sistem asi........................................................................
327
Rilizing omillari. Gipotalamus-gipofiz tizim i................................................331
Gipofiz gormonlari ..........................................................................
332
Adenogipofiz (gipofiz oldingi bo'lagining) gorm onlari...............................
332
Qandsiz diabet. Gipofiz orqa bo'lagining g o rm o n lari.................................. 333
Gipofiz o'rta bo'lagi gorm onlari.......................................................................334
Buyrak usti bezi gorm onlari.............................................................................. ...
Buyrak usti bezini po'stloq qismi gorm onlari.................................................335
Buyrak usti bezi m ag'iz qismi gorm onlari...................................................... 339
Uglevodlar, yog lar va aminokislotalaming almashinuviga
gormonlaming ta’s i r i .............................................................................
34
q
Qandli diabet................................................................................
345
Qandli diabet asoratlarining biokim yosi......................................................... 347
Ochlik davrida organizmda vujudga keladigan
biokimyoviy o ‘zgarishlar......................................................................................
K alsiy va fo sfatlar alm ashinuvining b o sh q arilish i.......................................... 350
P aratg o rm o n .............................................................................................................
V itamin ...................................................................................................................... ^
K alsito n in ............................................ .....................................................................
2 5 2
E rkaklar jin s iy gorm onlari (androgenlar)..........................................................
3
A yollar jin s iy gorm onlari (estrogenlar va p ro g e stin la r)......... .......................
Q alqonsim on b ez g o rm o n lari..............................................................................
Prostaglandinlar va ey k azan o id lar.....................................................................
K allikrein-kinin siste m a si....................................................................................
XVI BOB
QON BIOK1MYOSI
Q on plazm asi o q s illa ri..........................................................................................^
G em oglobin s in te z i................................................................................................ 367
Temir a lm a s h in u v i........................................................................................... "
36g
Eritrotsit m e ta b o liz m i.......................... ................................................................
1 70
K islorod v a uglerod dioksidining ta sh ilish i...................................................... ^
Q onning b u fer s is te m a s i......................................................................................
3 7 4
Q on i v i s h i................................................................................................................
2 7 7
Tromb hosil b o lis h i.......... ..............
3*78
Q on ivishining tashqi m exanizmi ...................................................................... 37g
Q on ivishining ichki m ex an izm i.........................................................................
^
Vitamin .....................................................................................................................
3 79
G e m o filiy a ...............................................................................................................
2 7
^
F ib r in o liz .............................. .............. .................................................................... jgQ
Q on ivishiga qarshilik qiladigan o m illar...........................................................
XVII BOB
JIGAR BIOK1MYOSI. JIGARNING FAOL1YATI
Jigam ing turli m oddalam i zararsizlantirishdagi a h a m iy a ti........................... 384
Jigam ing karbonsuvlar alm ashinuvida tutgan ..................................................
Jigar g lik o g en o zlari........ ....... ....... .......
..
............................................................
3 9 6
Jigam ing oq sillar alm ashinuvidagi v a z ifa s i.....................................................
Jigaming
y o g ‘lar alm ashinuvidagi ishtiroki .....................................................
Jigam ing pigm ent alm ashinuvidagi is h tiro k i..............—
............... ............
G epatotsitlar tom onidan konyugatsiyalanm agan bilirubim ng qam rab
^
olinishi va zararsizlantirishi. S ariq ilik ............ .......................... ;....... r , ' , ' ' " ' . . .
Jigar xastaliklarida oganizm da kuzatiladigan biokim yoviy o zganshlar ... 41
XVIII BOB
BUYRAK BIOKIMYOS1
B uyrakning kislota-ishqor muvozanatni saqlashdagi v a z if a s i..................... 420
B uyrak to 'q im asid a m e’yorda va patologik holatlarda
^
m odda alm ashinuvining o ‘ziga xos to m o n la ri................................................
Siydikning um um iy xususiyatlari va tarkibiy q is m la ri................................... 422
Siydikning kim yoviy ta r k ib i................................................................................. 425
XIX BOB
MUSHAKLAR BIOKIMYOSI
K o ‘ndalang-targ‘il mushaklam i kim yoviy ta rk ib i............................................ 436
B ir valentlik ion va kalsiy ioni gradiyentining mushak
qisqarishidagi vazifasi............................................................................................. 440
Sarkoplazmatik o q s illa r......................................................................................... 442
M ushak ekstraktiv m oddalari................................................................................
4 4 3
M ushaklardagi energetik alm ashinuvning o 'zig a xos to m o n la ri...................444
M ushak distrofiyasi va denervatsiyasidagi biokimyoviy o 'z g a r is h la r ........
4 4 5
K reatin u riy a............................................................................................................. 446
M ushak kim yoviy tarkibining ontogenezda
0
‘z g a ris h i................................... 446
Yurak mushagi va silliq muskulatura kim yoviy tarkibini o 'zig a x o s lig i.....447
XX BOB
BIRIKTIRUVCHI TO 'Q IM A BIOKIMYOSI
K o llag en ....................................................................................................................
4 4 9
E la s tin ........................................................................................................................
4 5 2
P roteoglikanlar.........................................................................................................
4 5 4
Proteoglikanlar b io sin tezi..................................................................................
. . . 4 5 7
Proteoglikanlar fu n k siy a si.....................................................................................
4 5 8
Hujayralararo matriksning struktura tu z i li s h i...................................................
4 5 9
Biriktiruvchi to'qim aning qarilik, kollagenozlarda o 'z g a ris h i...................... 460
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar...................................................................................... 462
R A .S O B IR O V A , O.A.A BRO RO V
F.X.INOYATOVA, A .N.ARIPOV
B IO L O G I K K IM Y O
Darslik
M u h arrir D .R ajabov
B adiiy m uharrir B.Bozorov
Tex.m uharrir E.D em chenko
M usahhih N .M inahm edova
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