194
Containing China
word order is typically undisturbed. In most instances, there is no indi-
cation of how the characters would need to be transposed to produce a
kundoku
. In short, these citations are visually indistinct from Classical
Chinese. What is more intriguing, though, is that Shigenori does not con-
sistently use this fidelity: in the preface, both Taizong’s and Bai Juyi’s
phrases have been transformed via
kundoku
. (Michizane, in contrast, is
quoted in
kanbun
.) In short, while the selection of China as the field of
study plausibly paves the way for this increased presence of
kanbun
, the
blurring of linguistic boundaries with which Shigenori tantalizes his
reader complicates the matter. This testament to the ability to preserve
and present
kanbun
strategically reinforces its potential to register upon
the reader
in a way distinct from
kana
.
Indeed, this persistence of
kanbun
within these later
Mirrors
is one
of the ways in which the genre seems to be drawing closer to more tradi-
tionally mainstream ideas of official history. This makes the appearance
later in the century of a would-be mainstream historiographic
Mirror
written entirely in
kanbun
—such as
The Mirror of the East—
less sudden
or surprising. In terms of linguistic prestige,
Mirrors
are headed toward
the traditional center even as their narrative settings take them farther
afield.
Conclusion
The legacies of
The China Mirror
are more difficult to “prove” than those
of the previous
Mirrors
in many ways. After all,
The China Mirror
is not
referred to in any of the later medieval historiographic
Mirrors
. Never-
theless, the fact that it did survive in some form into the Edo period
(1603–1867), when it was copied and in some cases highly edited, suggests
that it was a text that continued to be read. Moreover, it is a text in which
two significant currents in medieval thought—depicting China and nar-
rativizing the past—converge in ways that have implications for subse-
quent historiographic productions.
For the undated manuscript used as the basis for this comparison, see National Insti-
tute of Japanese Literature (“‘Kara kagami’: Hizen Matsudairabon”).
The Continent as Object of Knowledge
195
Looking at
The China Mirror
in terms of what type of China it pre-
sented and how that China resonated with or differed from contemporary
depictions of China suggests that the narrative of Chinese decline found
a receptive audience in the east. This is not to say that only warriors were
interested in narratives in which China was portrayed as implicitly infe-
rior to Japan. There are, after all, few more distinctive images or fanta-
sies of Japanese superiority than the scene in
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