The Past in the Wake of the Mongols
229
Water Mirror
had both already engaged discourses on literature, if not
always directly. Not only did the former have a narrator who worked for
Murasaki Shikibu in her youth and end with speculation about Mura-
saki’s afterlife, but the latter also concluded with a reference to Murasa-
ki’s work. And
The China Mirror
had made effective use of citations from
both Chinese and Japanese poets, above all in its preface. Thus, this the-
matic shift, while dramatic, does not mark a complete break with the
priorities of the other
Mirrors
.
Nevertheless, the ensuing content has very little in common with that
of the historiographic
Mirrors
. Arifusa, an adherent of the Nij
ō
poetry
lineage, devotes much of the first scroll to skewering the work of the pro-
genitor of the rival Ky
ō
goku line, Tamekane (1254–1332), with occasional
digressions on the evils of the monk Ippen (1239–89), his popular danc-
ing
nenbutsu
practice, and his followers. In this attack, the narrator’s open-
ing gambit is a complaint to his interlocutor that despite the supposed
inviolability of
waka
, Tamekane “turns his back on poetic mores that go
back generations to [
waka
’s] origins” (
senzo yoyo no kaze o somuki
).
91
This
is met with the Indian monk’s damning assessment that even sage rulers
are not guaranteed clever descendants, followed by the observation that
“the Buddha, also, already [recognized] that his disciples would inevita-
bly lose his teachings”—a response that simultaneously elevates the sta-
tus of
waka
while aligning its practice with the risk of decline.
92
The re-
mainder of the first scroll is spent on a six-point attack on Tamekane’s
poetry, interwoven with occasional comparisons to Ippen’s movement and
teachings.
93
The first part of the second scroll is devoted to establishing a rela-
tionship between
waka
and musical modes, but the remainder of the work
then turns to a critique of both more general
nenbutsu
adherents and Zen,
91.
Nomori no kagami
, 478.
92.
Nomori no kagami
, 478.
93. The charges levied against Tamekane, as well as the specific rhetoric they use,
make the most sense when read together with Tamekane’s poetic treatise of roughly a
decade before,
Tamekane wakashō
(Tamekane’s
Waka
Essentials, ca. 1285–87). For an
annotated translation, see Huey and Matisoff, “Lord Tamekane’s Notes on Poetry.” See
also Kimbrough, “
Nomori no kagami
and the Perils,” 103n15. Kimbrough’s essay pro-
vides an accessible overview of the criticisms leveled against Tamekane.
230
Moving Mirrors
interspersed with ongoing criticism of Tamekane’s verse.
94
At some urg-
ing from the narrator, the monk relates that he has lived in the moun-
tains for the past thirty years, lamenting the decline of poetry.
95
He
equates
waka
with Confucian virtues, in addition to their Buddhist prop-
erties and potential, and assigns them a “helping” role in the context of
ritual music (
reigaku o tasuketsutsu
) before explaining how contemporary
poetic form—in other words, Tamekane’s—deviates from all of these.
96
The speaker then switches to a careful mapping of the relationship among
ritual, music, and the pacification of people, including one’s enemies. In
a rare recourse to the extrapoetic world, he bolsters this position with both
textual and historical precedents, including an account of how the In-
dian ruler King Pasenadi (sixth century BCE) repelled an attack with a
virtuous drum performance.
97
Chinese music, in contrast, is charted as
having been in a state of decline since its inception.
98
Superior music, the
narrator concludes, is what enables the triumph of the “small country”
over the “great.” It is because of (the correct cultivation of )
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