Mirror
Legacies for Early Modern Japan
279
expectations for accounts of the past, it may well have lent itself to the
eventual use of a
Mirror
to explain a vast array of subjects, a development
returned to below.
Throughout the
Mirrors
, narrative geography and place play a cen-
tral role. As a group, the
Mirrors
begin in Kyoto but gradually move
through various more distant sites before returning to the capital. The
first three
Mirrors
take advantage of one or more settings in the Kyoto
or Nara region, and
The China Mirror
is the first to move beyond the tradi-
tional
kinai
provinces, going all the way to Dazaifu, and to take up a sub-
ject other than the Japanese court. The
Mirrors
’ path is then complicated
by the genre’s bifurcation following
The China Mirror
. The subsequent
Mirrors
that are sympathetic to a
bakufu
—
The Mirror of the East
and
The
Mirror of the Gods—
both revolve around central sites implied to be the
locations of the Kamakura and Muromachi shogunates, respectively.
Yet neither makes use of a preface to specify this.
This can be at least par-
tially explained in terms of the fact that each celebrates an idea of warrior
authority that derives some of its power from directing movement. For
these
Mirrors
, the move away from authority grounded in a particular
site and to authority based on a (potentially mobile) institution suggests
the limitations of a widespread appeal based on a specific place.
10
Instead,
the symbolic preservation of institutions as authoritative—the office of
shogun, the imperial throne, and so on—and their intimated future sur-
vival become the focus of the historiographic enterprise in this time of
growing instability and disunity. Meanwhile, the
later court-oriented
Mirrors
—
Watchman
and
The Clear Mirror—
continue to rely on temples
in or near the
kinai
region to ground their narratives. There they wage
losing battles against the forces of historical change, retreating into memo-
ries of how the world once was. These diverging paths for the
Mirrors
re-
flect real-world shifts in power structures, and each location, named or
not, is intimately connected to the nature of the authority the related
Mirror
projects. As with the evolving discourse on cosmological principles, this
engagement with place resonates across and beyond the world of the me-
dieval
Mirrors
.
10. On mobility as key to the exercise of authority in this time period, see Spaf-
ford,
Sense of Place
, 12.
280
Epilogue
As part of their journey from the historiographic margins to the cen-
ter, over time the
Mirrors
engage in an increasingly complicated relation-
ship with linguistic form and its implicit ties to orthodoxy.
With the ear-
liest two
Mirrors
written in
wabun
, the genre appears at first to be one
that will define itself mostly in terms of a concern with veracity and the
eyewitness.
The Water Mirror
begins to complicate that via the introduc-
tion of
kanbun
in a pattern that suggests an interdependent, but not re-
dundant, relationship with the work’s
wabun
content; there are then
echoes of this in
The China Mirror
. The picture is further complicated
with the subsequent split marked by the
wabun
court
Mirrors
on the one
hand, and the
kanbun bakufu Mirrors
on the other hand.
Wabun
becomes
synonymous with cultural conservatism and nostalgia, while
kanbun
signals aspirations that have no place in the traditional “historical tale”
driven account of the development of Japanese historiography. This is
where the inclusion of
The Mirror of the East
is particularly valuable. Tra-
ditionally, it has been seen as a breed apart, with its attempts to mark its
new claims to authority—the use of variant
kanbun
, the grounding in
an amorphous but powerful cosmology, and the complete recentering
around warrior institutions of government—regarded as an isolated phe-
nomenon, unrelated to court-generated narratives of the past (such as the
wabun Mirrors
).
11
The Mirror of the Gods
, however, exposes the problem-
atic nature of this narrative. As a preface-free
Mirror
that centers on the
imperial line (and its
bakufu
support), but that structurally and linguis-
tically resembles
The Mirror of the East
,
The Mirror of the Gods
attests to
the riskiness in assuming a particular mode of reading or genre to be
monolingual. This is not because it collapses the topics of imperial suc-
cession and
bakufu
exploits into a single history, but because it does so in
explicit dialogue with
The Water Mirror
, one of only two texts that it
names as a source and the only one that is cited more than once.
12
This
is striking not only because it attests to the longevity and circulation of
11. That said,
The Mirror of the East
famously found
an enthusiastic reader in
Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543–1616) (Nagahara
and Kishi,
Zen’yaku Azuma kagami
, 1:3).
12.
The Water Mirror
is overtly cited three times: in the reigns of Emperor Keikō,
Empress Iitoyo (traditionally fifth century), and Empress Suiko (
Shinmeikyō
, 98, 103,
and 109). This is still more intriguing given that
The Mirror of the Gods
in fact draws
upon
numerous sources, most of which go unnamed. See Sasaki Kiichi for a quick
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