Refuge in the Past during the Final Age
51
of the Buddhist teachings took concrete form in the seventh month of
H
ō
gen 1 (1156), when the short-lived H
ō
gen Disturbance struck.
52
For the
first time, Kyoto became the stage for military conflict.
53
This was fol-
lowed roughly three years later by the more substantial Heiji Disturbance,
which broke out in the twelfth month of Heiji 1 (1160) and lasted three
months. Within decades, these clashes proved not to be isolated mani-
festations of discord, but rather the beginning of a major upheaval that
culminated in the 1180–85 civil war. This was a war that, for many, brought
the end of the world—or the chaos of the 10,000-year “final age”—out
of the realm of abstraction and into the realm of immediate possibility.
Not only were the H
ō
gen and Heiji events early sparks of the mili-
tary conflict to come, but they also set the stage for
The New Mirror
, which
heralded the first return of the historiographic
Mirror
and the first sug-
gestion that a
Mirror
could be read as a way to process disorder. A closer
look at the immediate impact of the H
ō
gen and Heiji Disturbances in
the capital and the writings of its courtier elite—that is, the milieu from
which
The New Mirror
emerged—as well as at how
The New Mirror
treats
contemporary concerns, enables the discernment of a clearer position with
respect to the project of ordering the past than was possible for
The Great
Mirror
. The analysis that follows will show how
The New Mirror
repre-
sents an attempt at a “recuperative” history that capitalizes on the preex-
isting model of the
Mirror
to project order onto the past. Read from this
position,
The New Mirror
becomes the first intimation of what looks to
be
a pattern in
Mirror
production: an intimate
association between
civil disorder and an impulse to turn to cosmological frameworks in
the process of the narrative reordering of these events. As the first heir to
The Great Mirror
,
The New Mirror
solidifies the early standards of the
genre, a backdrop against which all subsequent developments need to
52. Although vague in its citation of primary sources and largely lacking the an-
notation one would now expect, Hiraizumi’s 1938 essay in the inaugural issue of
Monu-
menta Nipponica
provides an early overview of
mappō
thought in a Western language; I
borrow the characterization of the age from that essay. See Hiraizumi, “Der Einfluss der
Mappō-Lehre,” 63. On
the dating of the onset of
mappō
in
two works, see ibid., 63–64.
53. Hiraizumi observes that it was the Hōgen Disturbance that occasioned the re-
introduction of capital punishment after a hiatus of 34
0
years (“Der
Einfluss der
Mappō-Lehre,” 65).