Wa-Kan rōeishū
(Japanese and Chinese Poems to Sing, written circa 1013) (
Imakagami
,
3:608).
143. Takehana,
Imakagami
, 3:594.
144. Takehana similarly sees this discussion as not entirely resolved. However, he is
more concerned with whether Tametsune wants to undertake a full-scale discussion of
“tales,” which he doubts (
Imakagami
, 3:609–10). Itō Takako, too, characterizes the pro-
Genji
argument as ultimately falling short (“Murasaki Shikibu dagoku,” 63).
Refuge in the Past during the Final Age
81
tion of the
Genji
, proposing instead that it is akin to a temporary, imper-
fect manifestation of the eternal truth of the Buddhist law.
It remains unclear throughout why Tametsune included this section
at all, unless it was to highlight how
The New Mirror
does not take the
liberties taken by
The Tale of Genji
. Where Murasaki admittedly fabri-
cated (outstanding!) content, Tametsune’s narrator relies on an eyewitness.
If her elderly informant has been truthful, then there is nothing in
The
New Mirror
that has not been observed at first or (via her family members)
second hand.
145
Therefore, it does relate “the virtues and vices of people of
yore” with careful attention to “the ancient matters of previous ages.”
146
While Tametsune has presented an argument for fiction as an expedient
means when it conveys Buddhist truths, it nevertheless appears that the
charge of “fabrication” is one he seeks to avoid. This certainly makes sense
in a time that Thomas Rohlich describes as “an age when many people
believed that the reading and writing of
monogatari
[tales] led to neglect of
important religious observations and the subsequent risk of eternal dam-
nation. Evidence of this belief appeared as much as a century and a half
earlier in the regrets the daughter of Sugawara no Takasue expressed in
Sarashina nikki
[which predates
The New Mirror
by just over a century]
over the time she wasted on poems and tales rather than devoting herself
to prayer.”
147
It seems significant that despite his spirited and lengthy de-
fense of Murasaki’s work as something that certainly encourages people
along the Buddha path, for his own writing, Tametsune sidesteps the
fraught “tale” designation. Even as he uses the language most common to
tales,
wabun
, to relate the past, with the emphasis on proximity to the
sources, his narrator stresses that what she relates is true speech, not false.
Especially if one considers Tametsune’s apparent awareness of the logic
reflected in a work such as
One-Volume Sutra
, which takes pains to dis-
tinguish between the production of histories and that of fiction, his
decision appears deliberate.
148
In framing his account—
The New Mirror
—
145. Takehana also sees the final lines as an assertion of truth, albeit vis-à-vis the
conclusion of
The Great Mirror
(
Imakagami
, 3:610–11).
146. Hakamada, “Genji ippon kyō,” 221. For an alternative translation by Michael
Jamentz, see Harper, “Obsequies for
Genji
,” 190.
147. Rohlich, “In Search of Critical Space,” 186–87; see also 203–4. I have removed
the Chinese characters from the citation (ibid., 187).
148. For the distinctions, see Hakamada, “Genji ippon kyō,” 221–22.
82
New Reflections
as something other than a “tale,” he demonstrates an appreciation of the
moral ambiguity of the genre at this time and, I suggest, makes a case for
treating his work, a
Mirror
, as something diff erent.
Conclusion
With the ambiguous circumstances of
The Great Mirror
’s production and
even of its title, there is no way to be certain of the specifics it was in-
tended to address beyond those articulated in the text itself: to lay bare
“the matters of the world” that enabled Michinaga’s rise.
149
This ambi-
guity also makes it impossible to argue that when Tametsune sat down
to write
The New Mirror
, the first successor to
The Great Mirror
, he had
a particular historical moment he hoped to reference or access in select-
ing a
Mirror
as his medium. What Tametsune did reveal through his
crafting of the past in
The New Mirror
was the flexibility of the genre:
how the selection of a narrative site and a particular language could
work together with an explanation of the past as driven by cosmic
principles and the structuring of the narrative itself to produce a per-
suasive interpretation of historical events for anyone able to use these
tools well.
When Tametsune created
The New Mirror
, he co-opted characteris-
tics of
The Great Mirror
that on one level seem to forestall an anticipated
charge of “false speech”—namely, a prestigious narrative site that, as a
temple, provided its narrator with moral authority; and a written lan-
guage,
wabun
, that highlighted the nature of the account as an eyewitness
oral transmission rather than as the personal (and potentially fanciful) re-
flections of an individual author. In the context of a larger medieval con-
cern with the morality of creative literary production, one can easily imag-
ine the possible appeal of writing a history as
The New Mirror
rather than
as
The New Tale
.
150
149. Ishikawa,
Ōkagami
, 19.
150. This being said, a century later, his grandson Nobuzane (1176–1275) is believed
to have authored a work just so titled:
Ima monogatari
(more literally
Tales of Today
, but
in keeping with the convention of rendering
Imakagami
as
The New Mirror
,
New Tales
.)
Refuge in the Past during the Final Age
83
The morality of writing, however, was not Tametsune’s only concern;
he was also writing in a world increasingly marked by military unrest.
Given this fact, the decision to co-opt the representation of history as
driven by karmic causation is also legible. It provides a pattern for events
at a time when social and governmental institutions faced growing chal-
lenges. At the same time, the narrative of the past as a recursive loop al-
lows for its potential recovery, permitting the reader to infinitely defer
the arrival of the day when the rules that governed Tametsune’s world
might be irreparably broken.
Such an escapist or reactionary position in light of the social unrest of
the 1150s and beyond still could have made sense in the 1170s. Given the
instability apparent in the
Logbook
and the tremors of unease detect-
able in
China Tales
, it should not be surprising that
The New Mirror
, a
courtier-authored history, is a fundamentally conservative enterprise. Its
mobilization of the morally “sin-free” and cosmologically endorsed posi-
tion of
The Great Mirror
facilitates a reactionary attempt to write the
recent instability out of the picture. However, its position was also soon
revealed to be untenable, and its postwar successor,
The Water Mirror
,
would face an irrevocably altered political landscape. Yet in the fallout
from the Genpei War and subsequent challenges, authors of
Mirrors
would
continue to exploit the flexibility into which Tametsune had tapped. This
enabled a (re-)removal of historiographic authority beyond the exclusive
reach of the court and diff erent articulations of cosmological principles.
These reimagined tropes would in turn allow integration into a larger and
simultaneously both more urgent and more powerful effort to order
Japan’s past in a constantly changing present.
Main texts (in chronological order)
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