Eccentric Spaces
, 200).
140
Containing China
me that the (Rokuhara) Novice Chancellor had proffered a Chinese text
at the palace. Its name was
Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era
. It con-
sisted of 260 books. The Novice [Kiyomori] wrote in the book that it must
be donated to the palace as a collectanea. This text had never before been
brought to our court.”
4
Clearly, even in its incomplete form, this assem-
blage of previously unseen Chinese writings was a substantial and pre-
sumably not inexpensive tome. As a gift to the palace—home of Kiyo-
mori’s daughter and grandson, the crown prince—it was surely not to be
taken lightly. Rather, Kiyomori’s bestowal of a new Chinese text in all
likelihood constituted a powerful gesture, an assertion of his own belong-
ing at court not only as a martial leader who now happened to be related
to the imperial family, but also as an individual possessed of cultural savoir
faire.
Over the following decades, knowledge of things Chinese continued
to provide a certain cachet, even as the eastern warrior elite grew in power.
The flow of knowledge from west to east, and from court to
bakufu
, that
enabled this is embodied in the figure of Minamoto no Mitsuyuki (1163–
1244), who relocated from the capital to Kamakura, where his Chinese
expertise allowed him to “play an important educational role in warrior
society.”
5
In the small world of houses specializing in Chinese learning,
Mitsuyuki was a former pupil of “the leading China scholar” Fujiwara
no Takanori (1158–1233).
6
The activities of Mitsuyuki and scholars like him
provided a certain amount of intellectual groundwork and audience ap-
petite for later China specialists who relocated to the east, including Taka-
nori’s grandson Fujiwara no Shigenori (circa 1204–circa 1294). Like his
grandfather before him, Shigenori was a prominent China scholar, and
like Mitsuyuki, fortune took him east to Kamakura, where he authored
The China Mirror
(in the 1250s or 1260s), the next of the historiographic
Mirrors
to appear.
7
4. Nakayama,
Sankaiki
, 2:225. Kiyomori’s presentation seems to have hit a nerve
with Tadachika, for he comments on it again in the twelfth month of the same year
(ibid., 2:328).
5. Tonomura, “Kamakura bushi to Chūgoku koji,” 104.
6. Tonomura, “Kamakura bushi to Chūgoku koji,” 104.
7. Tonomura also notes this relationship (“Kamakura bushi to Chūgoku koji,” 111).
In dating the work to this decade, I follow Ogawa Takeo, “Fujiwara no Shigenori-den
no kōsatsu,” 32.
The Continent as Object of Knowledge
141
Despite the intellectual continuity suggested by the enduring value
placed on Chinese learning, the world that was the backdrop for
The
China Mirror
was in many ways very diff erent from the one that had in-
spired
The Water Mirror
a mere eighty years before. By the time Shig-
enori’s work appeared, Yoritomo, the founder of the Kamakura
bakufu
,
had been dead for roughly half a century, and in 1221 the
bakufu
itself
had weathered an unsuccessful rebellion led by Retired Emperor Gotoba.
Although
Matsuranomiya monogatari
(The Tale of Matsura), the fantasy
set in China and written in the late twelfth century by Fujiwara no Teika
(1162–1241), portrayed warrior skills as within the grasp of even the most
inexperienced courtier—and thus depicted a world in which the court’s
reseizure of power was only a few well-aimed arrows away
8
—the reality
was that Gotoba’s abortive efforts had resulted in a stronger, not a weaker,
hold on power by the warrior elite. On top of this, the de facto rulers of
the
bakufu
, the H
ō
j
ō
family, had consolidated their position in the east
after eliminating their last remaining rivals, the Miura family, in the H
ō
ji
Disturbance of 1247. One clear manifestation of this state of affairs was
the unprecedented appointment of the child Imperial Prince Munetaka
(1242–74) as the sixth shogun—a position he held from 1252 to 1266.
9
Mu-
netaka’s shogunal tenure was the direct result of a clandestine
bakufu
request to depose his predecessor and send an imperial prince in his
stead.
10
It should come as no surprise, then, that even as
The China Mirror
builds on the precedents established by the earlier
Mirrors
, it takes the
genre in new directions, targeting diff erent readers and focusing on an
unprecedented subject.
11
This chapter argues that
The China Mirror
is a
8. At one point, the hero (Ujitada) claims, “At home, in my country, I never even
learned to tell which way an arrow should fly” (Higuchi and Kuboki,
Matsuranomiya
monogatari
, 59; translation from Fujiwara Teika and Wayn
e
P. Lammers,
The Tale of
Matsura
, 103). Needless to say, this does not prevent him from being a formidable ar-
cher on the battlefield.
9. For a more thorough overview of the shifting power dynamics of this period,
see Hurst, “The Kōbu Polity.”
10. On the original request, see the entry for Kenchō 4 (1252).2.2
0
in Nagahara and
Kishi,
Zen’yaku Azuma kagami
, 5:139. On the decision to send Munetaka, see the entry
for Kenchō 4 (1252).3.
5 i
n ibid., 5:143–44.
11. Yamada Naoko is, at the time of writing, the Japanese scholar who has worked
most recently and thoroughly on
The China Mirror
. On this matter, she observes that
142
Containing China
site where two strands of medieval thought intersect: the issue of China’s
place (or places) in the medieval imagination and the issue, familiar from
the earlier
Mirrors
, of narrating the past. To put it another way, there are
two larger questions that
The China Mirror
invites. At the more immedi-
ate narrative level, one can ask what the “China” is that is being taught,
and how that does or does not resonate with contemporary discourses on
China.
The China Mirror
reflects at least two positions vis-
à
-vis the con-
tinent, which is imagined as a wellspring of cultural prestige but also as
an irredeemably declining civilization. The latter is a position that allows
Japan to occupy what Charlotte Eubanks describes as “the cutting edge
of Buddhist expansion, the current location of the Buddhist event
horizon.”
12
At the meta level one can also ask what the use of China and
Chinese history as a teaching tool—as a means, rather than an end—
enables, for the
Mirror
genre in particular. The shift in focus away from
a narrative centered on the Japanese court has profound implications
for the types of lessons (or principles) that can be taught, as well as for
the narrative geography of sites that have the power to legitimate such
teachings.
To first interrogate what Shigenori’s treatment of China signifies in
terms of medieval readers concerned with “things Chinese,” the present
chapter examines how Shigenori and two contemporary authors create
an image or multiple images of something “Chinese.” Following a brief
overview of the China created within
The China Mirror
, I compare that
China with the China(s) of the 1252 work
Jikkunshō
(Ten Teachings, also
read
Jikkinshō
) and the 1254 composition
Kokon chomonjū
(Notable Tales
Old and New). After investigating the ways in which
The China Mirror
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