Introduction
11
textual conventions. Instead, they exhibited a synthesis of ideas from con-
tinental traditions and domestic writings.
This suggests an ideal ap-
proach to construction not unlike that behind a famous flute described
in
The New Mirror
: “The flute called Pipes’ Passel was made by selecting
for outstanding sound from among Chinese and Japanese bamboo.”
25
Like the flute’s makers, the
Mirror
writers were drawing on what they pre-
sumably found to be the best in both traditions, rather than using the
either/or model suggested by the conversation in
The Tale of Genji
. To
better understand how, in this respect as well, the
Mirrors
stand outside
of a tales-chronicles binary, this introduction next looks briefly at how
the mirror metaphor had been used in both
China and Japan before the
emergence of the Japanese historiographic
Mirror
as a particular type of
writing.
Endymion Wilkinson traces this image in China back to the
Shijing
(Classic of Poetry), but the mirror used as a revelatory tool can also be
found in the
Huainanzi
, which attracted an
elite readership from the
early days of the Japanese imperial court through at least the thirteenth
century.
26
Invoking the mirror metaphor in a way that resonates with the
models
to which Yamada points, the
Huainanzi
enjoins
the reader to
“embrace the mindset of a great sage, using it as a mirror to illuminate the
sentiments of the myriad things.”
27
In a still more influential work for the
25. Takehana,
Imakagami
, 3:136. This is the edition of
Imakagami
used throughout
this book.
26. On the first point, see Wilkinson,
Chinese History
, 604. For attestation of the
Huainanzi
in “Nara or Heian Japan,” see Carpenter, “Chinese Calligraphic Models,”
164. The continued relevance of the work in Japan is evidenced by Prince Shukaku’s
idiosyncratic rendering of a passage in his 1193
Uki
(
Yūki
), 673. It also makes an appear-
ance in the
Okanoya kanpakuki
, where it is among the texts cited by the father of the
author of
The China Mirror
to support a proposed reign name in a 1249 debate (Konoe,
Okanoya kanpakuki
, 171).
27. On the second point, see Liu An,
Huainanzi
, 11.16. What we do not see in the
early record, however, is any record of Sima Guang’s 984
Zizhi tongjian
(A Comprehen-
sive Mirror for Assisting Governance). Terada Takanobu notes a Korean attempt to
acquire this text as early as 1099. He points out that in the case of Japan, however, be-
yond the fact that it must predate a nineteenth-century printing, the date of its trans-
mission is “unclear” (“Shijin no shiteki kyōyō ni tsuite,” 8). More recently, Ri Yuri’s
work on the fifteenth-century Korean
Tongguk t’onggam
(Comprehensive Mirror of the
Eastern Land) implies the following model of influence:
Zizhi tongjian
inspires
Tong-
guk t’onggam
, and the latter operates as a key source for
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