Honchō tsugan
(“Chōsenbon
12
Introduction
male Japanese elite, in the early eighth-century
Zhenguan zhengyao
(Fun-
damentals of Governance from the Zhenguan era [626–49]), Emperor
Taizong (598–649) of the Tang (618–907) is quoted as “using the past as a
mirror” to “comprehend changing fortunes.”
28
In Taizong’s observations,
in particular, the metaphorical mirror does more than reflect what is in
front of it; it also reveals the logic behind the vicissitudes of the past. As
even this brief nod to China shows, Chinese texts that relied on the meta-
phor of the mirror as instructional were indisputably a part of the intel-
lectual landscape of elite male writers in medieval Japan.
However, the historiographic Japanese
Mirrors
that began to emerge
in the late eleventh century were not drawing only on continental inspi-
ration. In Japan, there were also domestically authored precedents for a
text designated more broadly as a
Mirror
to have an explanatory func-
tion. This is visible, for instance, in K
ū
kai’s (774–835) highly technical
ninth-century work on Chinese poetry,
Bunkyō hifuron
(Disquisition,
Comprising a Mirror of Writing and a Thesaurus of Rare Expressions,
written in 819 or 820).
29
While K
ū
kai’s
Disquisition
is not a narrative work,
the “Mirror of Writing” it contains is intended to provide guidance. The
Disquisition
also features a short preface in which K
ū
kai clarifies the ul-
timately cosmic origins of literature and provides a brief personal account
of how he came to transmit the following text.
30
Both the recourse to a
supermundane framework for the material to follow and the personal-
ized explanation of the author figure’s motivations are features of the
Mirrors
that come into being roughly two hundred years after K
ū
kai’s
composition.
In
The Great Mirror
and the premodern historiographic
Mirrors
that
followed it, elements from both the continent’s and the archipelago’s
‘Tōkoku tsugan,’” 97). To my knowledge, there is as yet no direct evidence of the pres-
ence of Sima Guang’s work in medieval Japan.
28. Wu Jing,
Zhenguan zhengyao
, 2.33.
29. Yamada Naoko also proposes awareness of Bai Juyi’s (772–846) “The Hun-
dredfold Mirror” (
Bailian jing
) poem (
Chūgoku koji juyō ronkō
, 108). Bai’s poem tells of
the presentation of a mirror engraved with Taizong’s words to a ruler to guide his gov-
ernance. For a complete text of the poem and explanatory commentary, see Okamura,
Hakushi monjū
, 1:661–64. The translation of the title
Bunkyō hifuron
is modified from
Bodeman, “Poetics and Prosody,” 168. My characterizations of the work also derive
from Bodeman.
30. This discussion of the preface is based on Bodeman’s translation (Poetics and
Prosody,” 162–69).
Introduction
13
earlier
Mirrors
are visible.
31
The Great Mirror
and its successors all sub-
scribe to the mirror metaphor most clearly articulated by Taizong: the
mirror as a medium for revealing a deeper logic for events. However, there
are also echoes of K
ū
kai’s implied linkage of the metaphor’s explanatory
function to Buddhist elements as well as his emphasis in the preface of
the
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