172
Containing China
Xuan (127–200 BCE) and Kong Anguo (206 BCE–8 CE), as well as the
White Tiger Propagations
(circa 79 CE).
98
He also notes
Records of the
Grand Historian
and
The Sayings of Confucius
(late third or early fourth
century CE), as well as the Mao
Odes
and one General Li’s
Laws of Attack
regarding kickball.
99
Even Zhang Heng’s (78–139) “Rhapsody on the East-
ern Capital,” which Shigenori also obligingly notes is in the
Selections of
Refined Literature
(circa 530 CE), appears.
100
Yet nowhere in the surviving
scrolls does Shigenori draw on more contemporary works. Chinese textual
authority ends in the Liang Dynasty (502–87).
101
And in what may be an
accident of preservation, the effect of temporal distancing is multiplied by
the reception of the work itself and its incomplete surviving form: the past
to be preserved and transmitted runs only through the fifth century. For
Shigenori’s readers, then, China was desired as something kept at both a
geographical and temporal distance, as a doubly othered entity.
This emphasis on distance is what enables the application of the
concept of “object of knowledge”—along with some of the processes
implied by this—to China in this text. Although Certeau writes of the
emergence of a “modern Western” historiographic enterprise, the follow-
ing can productively be thought of as a prerequisite inherent in Shig-
enori’s writing, too: “[The rupture between present and past] assumes a
gap to exist between the silent opacity of the ‘reality’ that it seeks to ex-
press and the place where it produces its own speech, protected by the
distance established between itself and its object.”
102
For Shigenori, the
establishment of the remoteness of the Chinese past renders it a distinct
98. Hirasawa and Yoshida,
Kara kagami: Shōkōkanbon
, 15 and 59. Kong Anguo
and Zheng Xuan appear again in ibid., 29.
99. Hirasawa and Yoshida,
Kara kagami: Shōkōkanbon
, 29, 73, and 142. The
Laws
of Attack
, possibly a Western Han text, is now lost.
100. Hirasawa and Yoshida,
Kara kagami: Shōkōkanbon
, 160 and 163. Shigenori
also quotes from several verses without giving titles (see ibid., 19, 126, 141, and 183).
101. Smits has argued that earlier Heian attitudes toward the importation of non-
religious texts primarily privileged the past products of China, which is consistent with
what can be seen here (“China as Classic Text”). In this respect, Kiyomori’s earlier gift
of the
Taiping yulan
may have seemed still more extraordinary.
102. Certeau,
Writing of History
, 2–3. However, I do not wish to suggest here that
Shigenori subscribes to the other tenets of Certeau’s description of interrelated opera-
tions that inform Western history, or even the concept of “a rift between
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