Multilingual Writing in Medieval Japan
133
symbiotic relationship between the two that can shed light on some of
the dynamics that may be at work in
The Water Mirror
. While for Con-
lan the emphasis is on the spoken realization of the texts and the author-
ity this conveys, his treatment of the relationship between documents and
reading nonetheless credits writing with a certain heft. He observes that
“in Kamakura times . . . written words when read had a formality and
weight missing from regular conversation.”
107
Working with several ex-
amples of texts that, though intended to be read aloud, also foreground
their identity as written documents, Conlan enjoins the reader to remem-
ber that “writing was not . . . an end unto itself.”
108
Nevertheless, though
documents might have required being read aloud to be recognized as
bearing meaning, Conlan’s analysis implies a state of documentary af-
fairs in which neither oral testimony nor written record alone was suffi-
cient. In a similar light, although the texts Elizabeth Oyler draws on are
from a slightly later period, she, too, locates a coordinate relationship be-
tween reading and writing.
109
In both analyses, the authorities of speech
and writing reinforce one another.
In a more extreme contemporary example, the woman known as Fu-
jiwara no Shunzei’s daughter (circa 1171–circa 1251) argues that writing is
the most effective means of conversation with the past.
110
A short section
on
fumi
文
(writing)
in her work
Mumyōzōshi
(Nameless
Writings,
circa
1196–1202) speaks of a desire to engage with a wider past, one that is not
available simply through eyewitness (or earwitness) accounts. Her open-
ing salvo is fairly tame, as she begins by remarking on the value of letters
as “repeatedly mentioned”
in the classic
Makura no sōshi
(The
Pillow
Book, written in the late tenth or early eleventh century). She recounts
107. Conlan, “Traces
of the Past,” 31.
108. Conlan,
Traces of the Past,” 23; quotation from ibid., 29.
109. This is particularly true in her analysis of “Kanetō’s Oath” in the
Heike
. Oyler’s
focus is the presentation of texts as texts within the larger narrative, both here and in
her study overall, and is thus slightly diff erent from the central issue of the present
chapter. Nevertheless, her emphasis on the navigation between speech and writing is
germane (
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