The Water Mirror
, however, this is no longer the case. The written register
has suddenly become part of the text’s means of self-presentation. As a
result, its content is certified by both the eyewitness reportage of its em-
bedded immortal informant (the original source of the information that
the ascetic then relays to the elderly female narrator) and the linguistic
authority of orthodox historiography.
The Water Mirror
marshals the
power of both the firsthand observer and text as such, in effect co-opting
two traditionally contrastive positions.
The Water Mirror
’s use of language(s), and the authority or authori-
ties invoked as a result, can also productively be understood as connected
130
Deviant by Design
to the shift in content from the immediate to the distant past and the
difficulties this poses for the figure of the eyewitness as a conduit for or
guarantor of truth. Whereas the earlier
Mirrors
rely on preternaturally
elderly figures to vouch for the events of relatively recent generations—
in
The Great Mirror
, Yotsugi is 190, and his sidekick Shigeki is 180; while
in
The New Mirror
, the narrator is an unspecified age over 150—
The
Water Mirror
turns to the distant past for its subject, choosing to rely in
the preface on an ascetic mediator positioned between the immortal
narrator who is the “source” of the testimony and the audience. Without
going so far as to accept Komine’s suggestion that this insertion of an
extra layer of transmission through the setting of the story within a story
is intended to create distance as well as “avoid [the question of] the nar-
rator’s responsibility,” I propose that it does destabilize the authority of
the alleged eyewitness.
99
As mentioned in chapte
r
1, Koselleck ties the significance of the eye-
witness to a premodern notion of history as recording “a naked, un-
adorned, unequivocally reproducible truth.” In the European tradition,
the historiographic mirror is a common metaphor for this approach to
truth. Koselleck adds that “such metaphors involving a na
ï
ve realism draw
primarily on eyewitnesses (less on ‘earwitnesses’) whose presence guar-
antees the truth of a history.”
100
Even in this reduced form, Koselleck’s
argument intersects at several points with problems posed by the changes
The Water Mirror
makes to the Japanese
Mirror
genre, all of which cir-
cumscribe the traditional eyewitness authority of the
Mirror
in early me-
dieval Japan.
To begin with, there is the nature of what the
Mirror
itself reveals:
Tadachika’s elderly female narrator—the figure who is closest to the reader
in the layers of embedded narrative—characterizes
The Water Mirror
’s
content as fundamentally diff erent from the content of
The Great Mir-
ror
. Moreover, she argues that both fall short of an exhaustive account of
the truth, as is made explicit in the final lines of
The Water Mirror
: “
The
Great Mirror
, too, was the work of a benighted layperson, so it’s certainly
not a ‘mirror’ like the Buddha’s mirror of absolute wisdom. Comparing
this [
The Water Mirror
] to
The Great Mirror
, I thought, ‘Even if that vis-
99. Komine,
Setsuwa no gensetsu
, 347.
100. Koselleck,
Futures Past
, 132; see also 130.
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