Review of Related Theories Chapter II. Metodology

Review of Related Theories
In this section, the researcher presents the theories which are useful in order to answer the hassle formulation. There are three theories which viewed suit to be utilized in the analysis. Theory of character and characterization is useful in order to analyze the first formulated problem. In the first formulated problem, the researcher tries to reveal how the major persona described in Eat, Pray, Love. There are two theories of characterization which are used in this research. The first theory is from Roberts and Jacobs, and the 2nd one is from Holman and Harmon. Roberts and Jacobs explain how are characters disclosed in fiction. There are 4 methods to understand the attribute of the characters. First is from what the characters themselves say. The speech which comes out of the characters' mouth can be used as a tool to become aware of the attribute of the characters themselves.
The 2d is from what the characters do. The movements taken via the characters can be the reflection of the attribute of the characters. From the action, the reader can distinguish what form of person the personality is. The 0.33 one is from what different characters says about them. The trait of a personality can be analyzed from what different characters says about them. So the creator uses other characters to acquaint another. And the remaining is from what the author says about them. It is the creator themselves who explains the attribute of the persona created through them
The 2d theory of characterization is from Holman and Harmon (1986).
There are three strategies of characterization.
The specific presentation by using the writer thru the direct exposition, both in an introductory block or more frequently piecemeal all through the work, illustrated by way of action.; (2). the presentation of the personality in actions; and (3) the representation from within a CHARACTER, without comment on the character by way of the author, of the impact of actions and feelings on the character's inner self, with the expectation that the reader will come to a clear appreciation of the attributes of the character .
Both theories are similar. How the author indicates the characteristic of the character essentially from the action and speech of the persona themselves, also what different persona says about them, and the closing by way of how the author explains about the characters themselves. ³
Second idea which is used in this research is concept of conflict. Theory of war helps the researcher to discover the problems which skilled by way of the characters in the literary work, which suggests the patriarchal exercise contained in the book. There are two concept of battle which used in this research. The first one is from Roberts and Jacobs, and he different one from Guth and Rico.
In most elemental form, a warfare is opposition of two people. The may fight, argue, enlist assist towards every other, and otherwise raise on their opposition. Conflicts can also exist between large corporations of people, though in fiction conflicts between person are greater identifiable and therefore extra interesting. Conflict may additionally exist between an man or woman and large forces, such as natural objects, ideas, modes of behavior, public opinion, and the like. The existence of challenging preferences inside an individual's mind may additionally also be introduced as conflict, or quandary
In literary work, conflicts are no longer solely prompted through the opposition between two people, but additionally the man or woman versus themselves, nature, and the entirety which not accordance with what they expect.
Second, according to Guth and Rico, there are two kinds of conflict. The first one is inside struggle and the second one is exterior conflict. Internal conflict potential “a persona may be at struggle with himself or herself, with divided loyalties or contradictory factors pulling the character in one-of-a-kind directions” (1997, p. 1828). While exterior warfare is “a central character maybe in struggle with every other person, with a machine of beliefs or value, with the gods or with herbal forces”.
Theory of patriarchy is used in order to perceive the shape of patriarchy mirrored through the existence ride of Elizabeth Gilbert. Patriarchy itself can be defined as “a social system in which household structures or whole societies are organized round the concept of father-rule, the place adult males are the important authority figures“ (Crossman, 2017, para. 1). The term patriarchy at the beginning used to describe the strength of the father as head of household. This research makes use of two types of patriarchy. The first one is male superiority. Walby (1990) as noted in Sultana states "patriarchy as a machine of social constructions and practices in which guys dominate, oppress and exploit.
Women" (p. 20). Walby considers patriarchy as a system due to the fact it helps us to reject the thought which says that the idea that each and every individual man is constantly in a dominant role and every lady in a subordinate one (2010, p. 2). The domination of man is triggered by using the differentiation of biological sex of male and female, where the male one is viewed greater superior. Not solely from Walby, however Learner additionally states about his theory about male superiority. Learner (1989) as cited in Sultana, mentions that patriarchy is the ideology where "men are most efficient to ladies and women are phase of men's property, so girls should be managed via guys and this produces women’s subordination”.
Patriarchal ideology exaggerates organic differences between men and women, make positive that guys always have the dominant or masculine roles and female usually have the subordinate or female ones. Besides male-superiority, home violence toward girls is additionally considered a structure of patriarchy. Slabbret and Green say in their journal there are four sorts of home violence experienced by using the woman in the abusive relationship.
Physical abuse
There are two types of physical abuse. Leaves bodily and no physical evidence. The first type of bodily abuse generally results in injuries ranging from bruising, scalding, burning and stabbing to inner injuries, cracked ribs or broken bones, while the 2d one does no longer leave any marks but it makes the ladies suffer for example when a head is forced into the toilet or ice bloodless baths and locking up is used. Physical neglect, such as withholding or doing away with food, shelter, and apparel may also also structure section of physical abuse.
Emotional Abuse
Emotional abuse can be verbal or non-verbal. It is destroying self-worth and self-esteem. This kind of abuse typically consists of the use of ridicule, insults, accusations, infidelity and ignoring one's partner, all of which result in the breaking down of the victim's vanity and self-worth.
Economic Abuse
Economic abuse varies from irresponsible conduct such as squandering cash on chemical materials to refusing to make contributions financially to the residing expenses. There regularly is a false perception that women are completely responsible for the housekeeping, child-rearing and have to be the breadwinner, which exposes them to monetary abuse Some abused ladies do no longer have manage over their money, as their companions control all the finances. It used to be additionally found that some abused female who labored had to hand over their salaries to their partners.⁴
Theory of Feminism
There are many feminism theories. Feminism is basically an ideology that focuses on gender equality between men and women. Referring to history, there are three waves of feminism. It starts offevolved with the first wave of feminism. First wave feminism is worried about the equality. Then, it persevered with the 2d wave of feminism. Second wave feminism is concerned about the girls to oppose the legalities of the patriarchal world. (Humm, 1992, p. 11). It is accompanied via 0.33 waves of feminism which is devoted to aiding group and folks working towards gender, racial, economic, and social justice. The researcher observes the response which shows feminism referring to the dialogue before, about male superiority and domestic violence towards the female. There is a stereotype that organic intercourse and social gender continues women’s lower position than men in social life. In fact, biological sex and social gender are separable standards as it cited by Enstein:
Sex supposed the organic sex of a child—was it born anatomically a male or a lady member of the human species? Gender used to be the culturally and socially formed cluster of expectations, attributes, and behaviors assigned to that category of the human being by means of the society into which the child was born
As the result of that stereotype, the female bear social injustice that they do not have equal chance in social life. Besides, this stereotype makes the society views female as less intellectually and bodily capable than men. As the result, it tends to lead to discrimination towards women.
Not only that, Montagu (1953) states "women have been fashioned to consider that they are inferior to men, and they have assumed that what absolutely everyone believes is a reality of nature. Since guys occupy the most excellent positions in nearly all societies, such superiority is taken to be a herbal one" (p. 23). Montagu shows a difficulty for this highest quality energy of guys as follows:
Why is that, in most of the cultures of which we have any knowledge, girls are regarded to be a type of decrease being, a creature human enough, but no longer quite so human as the male; simply not as wise, nor as intelligent; and lacking in most of the capacities and abilities with which the male is so plentifully endowed?
Women do no longer only journey social injustice due to that stereotype, however they are also made to believe that the stereotype is true. Both theories above are about the superiority of male. The subsequent theories are about violence which skilled by women, Humm, states that feminism concerns about the girls who are working and journey oppression in their marriage (1992, p. 185). The oppression of the working woman is being involved due to the fact it undermines the ideology of liberal individualism in feminism. The working women are impartial financially and the oppression toward them is not appropriate because girls who earn income must be free due to the fact they are not dependent on anyone. According to Humm in her different e book titled “The Dictionary Feminist Theory Second Edition”, the goal of feminist principle is to liberate woman. "Contemporary women's liberation or feminist motion is consciously revolutionary.
It breaks with reformism; it is internationalist and it simultaneously assaults the state, cultural ideology and the economy" (1994, p. 151). Feminism also talks about the abused wife. In Eat, Pray, Love, the one who experiences violence is the wife. Jackson and Faulkner (1993) state "Although vital social category and race variations exist among men, all men can potentially use violence as a powerful skill of subordinating woman" (p. 197). Basically, violence and superiority are related because men use violence in order to exhibit their superiority toward the woman.
Jackson and Faulkner also added that violence is the most overt and wonderful capability of social control. "Even if character guys refrain from employing bodily pressure in opposition to their partner, guys as a class gain from how women's lives are restrained and confined due to the fact of their concern of violence by using husbands and fans as nicely as by strangers" (p. 197). Besides liberation and violence, feminism also talks about inequality. In the “Women's Studies: A Reader”, on the sixth chapter, Jackson and Faulkner writes that girls are responsible for many matters in household includes organizing, managing and executing the work of copy in all its aspects. Not solely that however ladies also economically exploited with the aid of the guys they live with. This is the unfairness which skilled by using some women, and it turns into the situation of the feminist.
In order to examine the feminism as viewed through Gilbert's actions and thoughts in Eat, Pray, Love novel, the researcher formulates three problems
Those issues are answered by way of applying 4 theories. The first idea is the concept of persona and characterization. The second one is the idea of conflict. The 0.33 is feminism theory, and the remaining principle is the principle of patriarchy. The first formulated problem is about the depiction of woman characters who journey patriarchal practice.Theory of personality and characterization are used in order to analyze the characteristic of these characters. The female characters are analyzed in order to supply the reader history understanding about the characters whose experiences later are analyzed in the 2nd formulated problem. The 2d formulated trouble is about patriarchal practice skilled by using the lady characters in Eat, Pray, Love. Theory of patriarchy is used in order to analyze what varieties of patriarchy occur in the story. The idea of battle is used in order to perceive why patriarchy is viewed as conflict. The intrinsic aspect of the patriarchal practice in this research is conflict. The 1/3 formulated problem is about the movements and thoughts of Elizabeth Gilbert which reflects the feminism in literary work.In 2d formulated problems, the researcher makes use of the theory of persona and characterization written by means of Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs and by way of Holman and Harmon to discover the persona of Gilbert which makes her have that kind of moves and thoughts. Besides that, the researcher additionally uses the concept of feminism in order to discover the way of movements and notion of Gilbert can mirror the ferminism.