Allmark-Kent 40
“always symbols” (75); Canadian literature always presents “animals as victims”
(75).
Atwood poses an
“easily guessed riddle” to her readers: “what trait in our
national psyche do these animal victims symbolize?” (75).
If each culture has a
“single unifying and informing symbol at its core,” then America’s is “The
Frontier,” “England is perhaps the Island,” and for Canada it is “undoubtedly
Survival” (31-2). She explains:
Like the Frontier and The Island it is a multi-faceted and adaptable idea.
For early explorers and settlers, it meant bare survival in the face of
‘hostile’ elements and/or natives: carving out a place and a way of
keeping alive. But the word can also suggest survival of a crisis or
disaster, like a
hurricane or a wreck […] what you might call ‘grim’
survival as opposed to ‘bare’ survival. (32)
Whilst anxiety over survival is understandable for any peoples affected by
extreme geography and climate, Atwood argues that the issue is the survival of
Canadian culture too:
For French Canada after the English took over it became cultural
survival, hanging on as a people, retaining a religion and a language
under an alien government. And in English Canada now while the
Americans are taking over it is acquiring a similar meaning. (32)
Here we can see the return of
Polk’s ‘fanged America.’ Considering the nation’s
colonial history and Ameri
ca’s cultural dominance, this sense of cultural
instability is perhaps to be expected. Again though, Atwood takes this idea
further
: “Let us suppose, for the sake of argument, that Canada as a whole is a
victim, or an ‘oppressed minority,’ or ‘exploited’” (35). This victim theory
becomes the core of her argument but without her fully engaging with or
explaining
how
Canada is victimized, beyond its obvious colonial history
: “Let us
suppose in short that Canada is a colony” (35). Although currently more evident
in Australia,
I concur with Helen Tiffin and Graham Huggan’s assertion in
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