Allmark-Kent 45
Imperial ideologies shape the production of culture so that a preoccupation with
‘nature’ and ‘wilderness’ (imagined as ‘pristine’ and ‘empty,’ echoing
terra
nullius
fantasies) perpetuate and continue to shape a naturalized national
identity. Yet, despite awareness that images of nature
in Canada will always be
loaded with colonial history, there remains also the inescapable reality of the
stark contrast between
the landscape’s “grandeur, immensity and variety”
(Glickman 3) and the nation’s “sparse [human] population” (Crane 21). As Kylie
Crane explains in
Myths of Wilderness: Environmental Postcolonialism in
Australia and Canada
(2012), Canada is the second largest country in the world
but one of the ten
least
densely populated, with a population density of 3.4/km
2
,
most of which is
concentrated in the S
outh leaving “vast stretches of relatively
uninhab
ited regions” in the North (8). Hence if one looks at a map illustrating
Canada’s population density, it is not surprising that one might feel as though
these pockets of humans are scattered
amongst
much larger populations of
nonhumans.
It becomes
clear then, that imperial
ism’s fantasies of ‘emptiness’ are not
only complicated by the obvious existence of Aboriginal cultures throughout
Canada, but also the existence of wild nonhuman populations as well. Unlike
the domesticated animal categorized
almost exclusively as ‘food’ or ‘pet,’ the
wild
animal conveys a sense of nonhuman autonomy, agency and alterity; both
separate and beyond human control. Of course the realities of environmental
destruction and species
loss complicate this further, but our focus here is the
presence of animals in Canadian literature not the actual presence of animals in
elsewhere in the thesis: Ernest Thompson Seton and Charles G.D. Roberts of course, as well
as Fred Bodsworth, Roderick Haig-Brown and R.D. Lawrence (in Chapter Five), and Farley
Mowat and Marion Engel who will be discussed later in this chapter.
Allmark-Kent 46
Canada, and literary representations do not necessarily reflect reality. Like
Wynn and Loo’s
examples, the presences of ‘the wild’ and ‘wild animals’ are
always felt in Canada, whether implicitly or explicitly: the beaver, caribou, loon
and polar bear are always with you in your wallet, whether you ever see their
living counterparts or not; and although you may see your
city represented on a
postcard with pictures of the moose, marmot or beaver, your domestic(ated)
space is much more likely to be threatened by the intrusions of bears, coyotes
or deer. The proximity
of the animal presence in Canada, as implied by Fisher’s
words and demonstrated by the examples given, seems to demand human
response. How do we understand, categorize or act towards these animals?
The inability to sufficiently answer this
question and the resulting
confusion
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