Survival
(described in the previous chapter) may have been instrumental in this
preservation. As an interpretation that is both beguilingly simple and satisfyingly
broad, Atwood’s chapter on “Animal Victims” is the most frequently cited
analysis of Seton
’s and Roberts’ work. Moreover, it is often used as a shorthand
method of discussing the wild animal story in arguments that have little to do
with the texts themselves. For instance, in
States of Nature
Tina Loo relies
entirely on Atwood and Polk while discussing the ways
in which Canada’s
wildlife has
been “saddled with the burden of national identity” (2). In her
account, Seton
’s and Roberts’ animal protagonists are little more than
“statements of Canadian identity [...] allegories for Canada’s precarious position
in the world” (2). Despite their efforts to represent animals realistically
as
animals
—not to mention their work to spread the message of wildlife
preservation across North America
—Seton’s and Roberts’ stories are dismissed
as yet more fiction that reduces animals to anthropocentric symbols. Loo
’s use
Allmark-Kent 66
of
Polk’s quasi-humorous description of Canada’s “suspicion that a fanged
America lurks in the bushes, poised for the kill” (Loo 2, Polk 58) adds a sense of
the absurd to their work. With this vision of the two nineteenth-century
Canadians writing stories about tragic animal victims while cowering from a
fanged America, it is indeed difficult to see their
work as ‘respectable.’ Such
shorthand use of Polk and Atwood has resulted in this widespread perception of
Seton
’s and Roberts’ work as anxious allegory, anthropomorphic sentimentality,
and misguided national embarrassment.
Yet
those who do not subscribe to Polk and Atwood’s victim theory can
still be hesitant to take seriously the aims of the wild animal story. Despite his
celebration of Roberts’ stories, even Gold does not engage with the genre’s
scientific aspirations. In fact, he uses Roberts’ statements about the relationship
between animal stories and animal psychology as a way of separating his work
from the rest: “Roberts clearly does not see himself as writing this kind of story
at all” (Gold 24). This is a curious interpretation, particularly in light of Roberts’
frequent reiteration of this relationship when introducing his own
books: “I have
dared to hope that I might be contributing something of value to the final
disputed question of animal psychology” (
Haunters of the Silences
, vi).
Nonetheless, Gold makes this claim in order to justify his own anthropocentric
reading: “Roberts’ animal stories constitute, as far as I can ascertain, the only
sustained attempt to use the materials of the Canadian Wilderness for the
purpose of expressing
a coherent view of the world that man inhabits
” (23,
emphasis added). By claiming that Rober
ts is creating a “Canadian mythology”
with “animals, rather than gods,” (23) Gold demonstrates the validity of Glen
Love’s observation that anthropocentric approaches to literature are usually
based on the belief that “nature is dull and uninteresting, while society is
Allmark-Kent 67
sophis
ticated and interesting” (Love 23). By reading Roberts’ interest in ‘dull’
and
‘uninteresting’ nature as allegorical, and
really
about humans, Gold makes
it
‘sophisticated’ and ‘interesting’ and, therefore, “worthy of our attention” (Gold
22). Due to the anthropocentric biases and prejudices that I have already
mentioned, this strategy is quite common. For instance, although their value-
judgements might be different, it is clear that Polk, Atwood, and Gold are all
sidestepping the wil
d animal story’s stated aims in order to re-centre the human.
As indicated here, this approach tends to sever the wild animal story’s
connections to science and advocacy, weakening Seton
’s and Roberts’
attempts to prioritize the imagined, nonhuman presence. Whilst details of the
arguments may differ, all seem to express the same discomfort or
embarrassment at this fantasy of knowing the animal. In “The Revolt Against
Instinct
” (1980), for example, Robert H. MacDonald claims to “take Roberts at
his word, and
to examine his and Seton’s stories in the light of his crucial
distinction between insti
nct and reason” (18). Rather than pursuing the
implications for animal representation, he takes a distinctly anthropocentric
position:
The animal story, I shall show, is part of a popular revolt against
Darwinian determinism, and is an affirmation of man’s need for moral
and spiritual values. The animal world provides models of virtue, and
exemplifies the order of nature [...] This theme, inspired as it is by a
vision of a better world, provides a mythic structure of what is at first
sight, realistic fiction. (18)
Moreover, by focusing on this supposed post-Darwinian anxiety, MacDonald
—
like Gold
—undermines the wild animal story’s engagement with science. As will
become clear later in this chapter, however, a more accurate contextualization
of the genre cannot sustain the idea that Seton and Roberts were part of a
“popular revolt” against Darwin’s work. Indeed, Thomas R. Dunlap’s “The
Reali
stic Animal Story” (1992) emphasizes the genre’s relationship with animal
Allmark-Kent 68
psychology and provides a thorough consideration of scientific context. Thus, it
positions Seton and Roberts accordingly:
They presented their vision of an ordered, but Darwinian, nature [...] The
stories allowed people to accept evolution and struggle without losing the
vision of nature as an ordered realm. Seton and Roberts made an
apparently hostile theory the vehicle for emotional identification with
nature. (56)
Although occasionally anthropocentric,
Dunlap’s analysis of Seton’s and
Roberts’ different approaches to the Darwinian depiction of animal life is
insightful. Despite an ostensibly similar approach in
“Looking at Animals,
Encountering Mystery” (2010), however, Janice Fiamengo’s argument places
less emphasis on scientific context and, ultimately, less emphasis on the
animal
: “focus on the animals per se has obscured the extent to which Seton
and Roberts were also
speculating, in Darwin’s wake, about the moral nature of
the cosmos [...] the mysteries of the natural order and the human place within it
”
(36, 37).
Alternativel
y, in “Political Science” (1996) Misao Dean acknowledges the
scientific aspirations of the wild animal story, but views it as little more than a
political masquerade
(14). She suggests that “[f]ar from ‘reflecting’ reality,
Roberts’s stories create as reality a natural world which is inflected with
assumptions about human personality and masculinity as norm which are
endemic to his historical
period” (1). Of course, I agree with Dean’s readings to
an extent but I do not believe that this issue warrants a wholesale rejection of
Seton
’s and Roberts’ work. For instance, Dean’s position is strengthened by the
fact that she overlooks the animal advocacy function of these stories. Since
Seton was more outspoken about animal rights and conservation, and Roberts
more vocal about science and animal psychology, it is easy for critics who study
the authors in isolation to separate their stories from one or both of these
Allmark-Kent 69
factors. Like Dean, Marian Scholtmeijer is dismissive of the wild animal story
and its aims in
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