Allmark-Kent 64
is to demonstrate a committed engagement with the radical, cross-disciplinary
progress of the broader human-animal studies project then it must learn to
prioritize the living animal over the literary animal. In other words, it must
reconcile its embarrassment with the fantasy of knowing the animal.
Practical zoocriticism’s three-point model—examining interactions
between literary representations of animals, scientific studies of animal minds,
and advocacy for animal protection
—offers a prototype of what engaged literary
animal studies might look like. I suggest that the wild animal
story operates at
an intersection between these three factors and can, therefore, serve as an
appropriate case for the application of this framework. In this chapter I will use it
to re-evaluate and re-contextualize the wild animal story, as t
he genre’s
reputation as an ‘embarrassment’ has meant that its aims have rarely been
taken seriously. As discussed in the previous chapter, this view stemmed from
arguments produced during the nature fakers controversy, and later
perpetuated by James Polk’s description of the wild animal
story as an
“outdated, scarcely respectable branch of our literature” (51). When properly re-
contextualised, however, this marginalization seems undeserved. We can see
that it is based on overlapping anthropocentric discourses and assumptions that
were compounded by changes to the sciences developing over Seton
’s and
Roberts’ lifetimes. I propose that using the practical zoocriticism framework, we
can re-evaluate the wild animal story and recognize that it is not a literary
embarrassment, but a valid literary
innovation
.
This novel approach
necessitates pursuing the relevant contexts in depth and with care but, perhaps
due to the disciplinary biases I have outlined previously, it has remained
overlooked.
Allmark-Kent 65
Decades
after Polk’s exclusion of the wild animal story from the
“respectable” works of Canadian literature, the genre’s
reputation has improved
very little. Again, however, I assert that this is not due to the inherent
foolishness of Seton
’s and Roberts’ endeavour, nor the validity of Polk’s
position. In fact, only seven years previously, Joseph Gold had described
Roberts’ animal stories as “literature worthy of our
attention,” constituting “an
important body of Canadian writing” (22). He even called for Roberts’ work to be
brought back into print and
placed “in the forefront of Canadian letters, where
he rightfully belongs” (32). I suggest, then, that continued dismissal of the wild
animal
story
with “barely a wave of the debonair critical hand,” (22)—as Gold
puts it
—has been exacerbated by the repetition and reinforcement of Polk’s
original interpretation. Margaret Atwood’s appropriation of his work in
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