Allmark-Kent 47
This expectation is of course Eurocentric in origin, as Christoph Irmscher
demonstrates in his analysis of early Canadian nature
writing for
The
Cambridge Companion to Canadian Literature
(2004). He suggests that, from
the perspective of these authors, the natural environment
in Canada “follows
none of the established rules,
” posing both a “physical challenge” and a
“challenge to the powers of the writer” (95). Like Fisher he also utilizes the idea
of confusion: the vast Canadian wilderness, “often confuses the human
observer” leading to our feeling “uncertain”
about our presence in the
environment (95). Interestingly though, this effect seems to have continued both
in Canadian literature and literary criticism. I argue that this Eurocentric settler
anxiety has shaped what Irmsc
her calls the “stubbornly anthropocentric”
models
of C
anadian identity like Atwood’s “survival” or Northrop Frye’s “garrison
mentality” (95). He asserts that this anthropocentrism is a “striking limitation,
given the rather marginal presence of humans in a territory that includes such
vastly different landscapes as [...] mountains, lakes, grasslands, forests and
seashores
” (95). I suggest however, that Eurocentrism and anthropocentrism
are so closely linked that this oversight hardly surprising. Both of these writers
position the agency of the wild as problematic because it undermines the
anthropocentrism of their Eurocentric settler mentalities; whereas from the
perspective of Aboriginal cultures in which the dichotomy between humans and
nature does not exist, the anti-anthropocentric agency of nature is less of a
concern. Indeed, as I will argue later
in this chapter, the alterity of the wild
animal is accepted and often celebrated in novels by Aboriginal authors,
typically using trickster figures like Coyote or Raven.
Whether represented positively or
negatively, Canadian literature by both
Native and non-
Native authors tends to recognize the agency of ‘the wild,’ and