RETHINKING THE INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR
tendencies in the division of labour, which ultimately furthers social integration
or what he calls organic solidarity. Unlike mechanical social orders held together
by common beliefs and values, modern organic societies rest on the complemen-
tarity of different specialised functions. In transitions where the division of
labour replaces mechanical solidarity without yet developing the morality (ie
solidarity) to mitigate social tensions, an increased volume and density of
interactions entail a prevalence of crime, economic crises, con¯ icts between
labour and capital, and emigration. However, these forms of
anomie
would
lessen, while ¯ exibility and individual freedom would accompany, an increasing
specialisation in the division of labour, which in turn promotes an integration of
society.
Old theories. new realities
From this brief overview of the classical writers, it is clear that
IDL
theory
provides a springboard for understanding modern capital accumulation, the
expansion of the market presently manifest in economic globalisation and the
social consequences of these processes. What is lacking in the theory, however,
re¯ ects the general limits of the classical tradition and has important implications
for the contemporary period. Although the classical school allowed for the state
to be the guarantor of the division of labour in a laissez-faire economy,
democratic or liberal forms of state were not deemed necessary. (Utilitarians like
Jeremy Bentham and, later, liberals such as John Stuart Mill were concerned
with forms of state. Conservative reformers like Bismarck and mercantilists,
most notably Friedrich List, regarded the state as central to capital accumula-
tion.)
The risk in highlighting the logic of capital and labour costs while underrating
the role of the state lies in invoking economism linked to the rising power of
capitalism, a tendency somewhat corrected by the followers of Weber, who
emphasise divisions of labour by age, race, ethnicity and gender.
7
Though not
silent about the role of culture, classical authors said relatively little about the
attitudes, beliefs and habits of different strata in the international division of
labour. Nowhere did they analyse, say, the constraints that some cultures place
on the mobility of labour (eg as do contemporary Islamic communities in rural
Malaysia). In fact, classical political economy is not explicit about the spatial
dimensions of the division of labourÐ a curious de® ciency addressed in the
NIDL
thesis.
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