RETHINKING THE INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR
evidence to suggest that participatory channels are becoming both accessible to
and genuinely representative of different elements in the global division of
labour.
What appears to be emerging in the near term is truncated multilateralism: not
a world of competitive trading blocs but of states locked into global regions in
different ways, trying to optimise their positions, and encountering resistance
from social groups and movements adversely affected by globalisation. Three
regionsÐ North America, the European Union (EU) and East and Southeast
AsiaÐ form `megamarkets’ as well as dominate global production and trade.
They generate 77% of world exports and produce 62% of world manufacturing
output.
25
One of the principal challenges to this and other concepts of multilat-
eralism in recent years is massive displacement of labour, an aspect of global
restructuring that accentuates differences between sending and receiving coun-
tries.
Inter-regional and intra-regional migration
With the simultaneous restructuring of global production and global power
relations, the growth poles of competitive participation in the
GDL
are drawing
large-scale and increasingly diverse imports of labour from their points of origin.
Seeking to escape a marginalised existence and repression, population transfers
within a strati® ed division of labour re¯ ect a hierarchy among regions, countries
and different rates of industrialisation.
26
While migratory ¯ ows are as old as history itself, the dimensions of the
contemporary upsurge are staggering. The United Nations Population Fund
estimates that there are at least 100 million international migrants living outside
the countries in which they were born.
27
Their annual remittances to families at
home amount to $66 billion, more than all foreign development assistance from
governments. By 1987 New York City alone had 2.6 million foreign-born
residents, representing 35% of the city’ s total population. The projection for the
year 2000 is that immigrants (foreign born and second generation) will account
for over 50% of the city’ s population.
28
Europe is also one of the areas
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