T.B. Mikheeva, M.V. Ereshchenko goal, and is a strategic result, at which a communication act is aimed” [5:
37]. V.B. Kashkin defines a strategy as a general framework, behaviour out-
line, “which can include also deviation from a goal in certain steps”. Many
strategies are ritualized, turn into conversational conventions losing their
“rheme-specific qualities” and informational value”, and a tactics (an ap-
proach) as “a combination of practical actions in a real process of talk ex-
change (speech interaction). A communicative tactics is a smaller scale of
the communication process in comparison with a communicative strategy. It
is relevant not to a communicative goal, but to a set of certain communica-
tive intentions” [6: 132-136]. Therefore, a communicative strategy is a way
of achieving communicative goals, and a communicative tactics consists of
practical actions and communicative intentions.
Communicative structures of a dialogue. From the perspective of psy-
chology the analysis of dialogical speech shall be based on the comprehension
of interaction subjects as intersubjectivity dynamics, i.e. as a process of devel-
opment of relations between certain subjects, forming of their assessment, emo-
tions, values and purposes under mutual influence in the process of dialogic
communication. “An utterance (as a conversational integral unit) can not be rec-
ognized as a unit of the last, top level of the language structure (above the level
of syntax), because it is a part of fundamentally different relations (dialogic rela-
tions) incomparable with the linguistic relations of other levels...” [7: 304-305].
“Dialogic relations between utterances... belong to metalinguistics. They are
disparate to any other possible linguistic relations of different elements both in
the language system, and in a separate utterance” [Ibid: 286-287].
Intentional models of a dialogue represent interaction as a process tar-
geted at the implementation of a plan, partners intentions, and achieving
goal, and informational models outline a concept of interaction as a process
of information interchange between the participants of a dialogue. More spe-
cific models of a dialogue represent separate stages of verbal interaction
(start, the process itself , completion, assessment, change or influence, taking
a decision) [8: 89-109].
A dialogue as a form of speech has a range of specific features, such as
1) substantial number of etiquette formulae, stereotypes, and set
phrases;
2) unexpanded replication (reduced utterances);
3) situational conditionality;
4) proximity to internal speech by structural characteristics, etc.
These specific features open great opportunities for teaching foreign-
language dialogue skills as early as the initial stage drawing close attention
to the problem of adopting structural elements and characteristic linguistic
properties of a foreign-language dialogue by students.
The interrelation between the strategical content of a dialogue and the
specific character of its grammatical arrangement remains the most im-