Grammarway 1 kitobining o’zbekcha

Oxirgi harfi – y bilan tugab undan oldin undosh harf kelgan sifatlarda –y tushib –ily qo‘shiladi.

Happy-happily, angry-angrily

4. 
   Oxirgi harfi – l bilan tugagan sifatlarda – l ikkilanadi. (ikkita bo‘lib qoladi).
   

Careful-carefully, beautiful-beautifully

Sifat	Ravish
Good-yaxshi	Well
Fast-tez	Fast
Hard-qiyin,	Hard-qiynalib, zo‘rg‘a
Early-erta	Early
Late-kech	late

Istisnolar

1. 
   He is a good player.
   

U yaxshi o‘yinchi.

2. 
   He plays well.
   

U yaxshi o‘ynaydi.

Quyidagi fe’llar bilan faqat sifat so‘zlar ishlatiladi.

Taste-ta’m bermoq
Feel-his qilmoq I am feeling good. (not well)
Sound-eshitilmoq It sounds interesting. (not interestingly) Seem-tuyulmoq Look-ko‘rinmoq


68




Sifat so‘z turkumiga umumiy ta’rif berilganda aytildiki, u otning belgi-xususiyatlarini ifodalaydi. Tabiiyki, bir xil xususi- yatga ega bir necha otda shu xususiyatning har xil darajada mavjud ekanligini ko‘rish mumkin. Masalan, yosh sifati. Buni insonlarga qo‘llaydigan bo‘lsak: Men yoshman, ukam men- dan yoshroq, singlim esa bizning eng yoshimiz.


Sifatning qiyosiy darajalari aynan shu maqsadda, ya’ni bel-
gi-xususiyatlarning bir-biridan farqini ko‘rsatishga xizmat qiladi.
Ingliz tilida sifatning 3 ta darajasi bor:

1. 
   Oddiy daraja (sifat-belgining mavjudligini bildiradi).
   
2. 
   Qiyosiy daraja (bir sifatning ikkinchisidan ortiqroq yoki
   

kamroqligini bildiradi).

3. 
   Orttirma daraja (bir sifatning hamma sifatlardan eng or-
   

tiq yoki eng kamligini bildiradi).


Sifatning oddiy darajasida hech qanday qo‘shimcha
bo‘lmaydi.
Masalan: new (yangi), good (yaxshi).
Qiyosiy va orttirma darajalar quyidagicha hosil qilinadi:

1. 
   Hamma bir va ba’zi (oxirgi harfi –r,-w,-y harfi bilan tu- gaydigan) ikki bo‘g‘inli sifatlarda qiyosiy daraja yasash uchun
   

«-er»; orttirma daraja yasash uchun esa “-est” qo‘shimchalari
qo‘shiladi.

oddiy	qiyosiy	orttirma
new – yangi	newer – yangiroq	the newest – eng yangi
happy – baxtli	happier – baxtliroq	the happiest – eng
shallow-sayoz	shallower-sayozroq	baxtli
		the shallowest-eng
		sayoz

2. 
   Ikki yoki undan ortiq bog‘inli sifatlarda qiyosiy darajani
   

yasash uchun «more», orttirma darajani yasash uchun esa
«most» ishlatiladi.
Masalan:

oddiy	qiyosiy	orttirma
difficult – qiyin	more difficult-qiy-	the most difficult – eng
beautiful-chiroyli	inroq	qiyin
	more difficult-qiy-	the most beauti-
	inroq	ful-eng chiroyli

Eslatma! Narrow-tor, clever-aqlli, stupid-tentak, gen- tle-ohista, friendly-do‘stona kabi ba’zi
sifatlarni qiyosiy darajasi ham –er, ham more so‘zi orqa- li va orttirma darajasi esa –est yoki most so‘zi orqali ham yasalishi mumkin,
Masalan:

oddiy	qiyosiy	orttirma
narrow clever friendly	narrower/ more narrow cleverer/more clever cleverer/more clever	the narrowest/most narrow the cleverest/most clever the friendliest/most friendliest

70
Sifatning qiyosiy va orttirma darajasini yasashda so‘z
tarkibida quyidagi o‘zgarishlar bo‘ladi:

1. 
   Oxirgi harfi –e bilan tugaydigan sifatlarga qiyosiy dara-
   

jada –r, orttirmada esa –st qo‘shiladi. Large-larger-the largest

2. 
   Oxirgi harfi –y bilan tugaydigan 2 bo‘ginli sifatlarning qiyosiy darajasini yasashda –y harfi –i ga o‘zgaradi.
   

busy-busier-the busiest

3. 
   Oxirgi bo‘g‘ini urg‘u olib, ikkita undosh o‘rtasida keladi- gan unli tovushli sifatning qiyosiy va orttirma darajasini yasa- shda oxirgi harf ikkilanadi.
   

big-bigger-the biggest

3. 
   Ba’zi sifatlar o‘zak o‘zgarishi orqali qiyosiy va orttir- ma darajalar hosil qiladi.
   

oddiy	qiyosiy	Orttirma
good/well – yaxshi worse – yomonroq little – oz far –uzoq many	better – yaxshiroq bad/badly – yomon less-ozroq farther/fur- ther-uzoqroq	the best – eng yaxshi the worst – eng yomon the least-eng oz the farthest/fur- thest-eng uzoq
much ko‘p	more-ko‘proq	the most-eng-ko‘p
a lot of
old*- eski/qari	older/elder-eskir- oq/qariroq	the oldest/eldest-eng eski/qari

*Elder/the eldest-bir oila a’zolari o‘rtasidagi yoshga nisbatan
ishlatiladi. Qolgan barcha hollarda older/oldest ishlatiladi.
My brother Tom is elder than my sister Lily.
I am older than my classmates

Signal so‘zlar.

Quyidagi so‘zlar bilan faqat sifatning oddiy darajasi keladi.
As…as - ….dek
So…as- …chalik, dek
Twice
Thrice as … as - … dan 2/3/4 marta
four times quite - bir oz
Sam is not as rich as his neighbour.
He is so tall as his father.
I have got twice as many friends as you have.
Your ball is quite small.

Quyidagi so’zlar bilan sifatning
qiyosiy darajasi ishlatiladi.

Than-dan ko’ra/ ga qaraganda

Much
Far ancha
A lot
Tom is more intelligent than him The school is a lot bigger than ours.
Some
Any biroz
A bit
Even-yanada, ..dan ham ko’ra
Or-yoki
And-va
Would you like some more cof-
fee?
The+qiyosiy daraja, the+qiyosiy
daraja- Qancha…, shuncha…. . Odatda sifatning qiyosiy darajasi oldidan aniq artikl the ishlatilmay- di, ammo ikkilangan qiyoslashda ishlatiladi.
Masalan,
The more you study, the more
you know.
Qancha ko’p o’qisang, shuncha
ko’p bilasan.
The less you spend, the more
you save.
Qancha kam sarflasang, shuncha ko’p jamg’arasan.

72

Quyidagilar bilan esa orttirma daraja ishlatiladi.
Of-dan In-ichida Among-orasida
I have ever seen/done… – Men ko‘rgan/bajarganlar ichida He is the strongest in class.
It is the easiest task I’ve ever done.




Umumiy savol bu xa yoki yo‘q javob talab qiladigan savol bo‘lib ular odatda to be(am/is/are), have/has, do/does, can, will, did kabi yordamchi fe’llar bilan boshlanadi. Javob berishda ham ushbu yordamchi fe’llar orqali foydalaniladi.

Yordamchi fe’l +Ega+kesim….?

Yasalishi:

Are you a doctor? – Yes, I am / No, I am not
Siz shifokormisiz? – Ha / Yo‘q


Has he finished his work? – Yes, he has / No, he has not
U ishini tugatib bo‘ldimi?- Ha / Yo‘q


Do they play football? – Yes, they do / No, they don’t
Ular futbol o‘ynaydilarmi? – Ha / Yo‘q


Can he run fast? – Yes, he can / No, he can’t
U tez yugura oladimi? – Ha / Yo‘q


Will Anna water the flowers? – Yes, she will / No, she will not Anna bu gullarga suv quyadimi? – Ha / Yo‘q


Did your son do well at school? – Yes, he did / No, he did not O‘g‘lingiz maktabda yaxshi o‘qiydimi? Ha / Yo‘q
74
Maxsus savol bu ma’lum bir gap bo‘lagi(ega, kesim, aniqlovchi, to‘ldiruvchi, hol)ga beriladigan savol bo‘lib bunday savollarga to‘liq javob beriladi.
Yasalishi:

(Ega va uning aniqlovchisiga beriladigan tashqari)*

So‘roq olmoshi + yordamchi fe’l+Ega+kesim…. ?
yoki
So‘roq olmoshi + umumiy savol?
Yoki
1 2 3
What am/is/are
When have/has
Who do/does/did Subject (I/you/he/Tom, How can/will my brother…) ……?
….. ……
1 2 3 ……. ?
I play football. What do I play?
She is cooking now. When is she cooking? Tom talked to her. Who did Tom talk to?

*Ega va uning aniqlovchisiga beriladigan maxsus savol.

Ega va uning aniqlovchisiga beriladagan maxsus savol tuz- ish uchun mos So‘roq olmoshini ega va uning aniqlovchisi bo‘lib kelayotgan so‘z bilan almashtiriladi. Agar Ega ga beril- adigan maxsus savolda berilgan gap hozirgi zamonda bo‘lsa kesim 3-shaxs birlikka moslashtiriladi.
I speak English. Who speaks English?


You are swimming. Who is swimming?


They have done their task. Who has done their task?
Berilgan gapdagi eganing aniqlovchisiga savol berilsa yoki gap hozirgi zamonda bo‘lmasa shunchaki mos so‘roq olmosh bilan ega yoki uning aniqlovchisi bo‘lib kelayotgan so‘z al- mashtiriladi.
Masalan,
They played tennis. Who played tennis?
We will go now. Who will go now?
My car is white. Whose car is white?
Their children are at school. Whose children are at school?


76

So‘roq olmoshlari.

Whose Who What Which How long How often

When How Where Why

How many/much How old-

What colour

What time
kimning/ kimniki
kim nima,qaysi qaysi
qancha muddatdan beri qancha vaqtda bir/ qancha- lik tez-tez
qachon
qanday/ qanday qilib qayer(-da,-ga)
nega qancha
necha yoshda
qaysi rangda soat nechada

Tasdiq so‘roq-gapiruvchining tinglovchidan o‘z fikri to‘g‘ri
yoki noto‘g‘ri ligini tasdiqlatib olish uchun ishlatiladigan savol tu- ridir. Bunday savol turi o‘zbek tiliga odatda Shunday «emasmi»,