1.2. The holistic nature of learners Gardner's cognitive model
that human beings are multidimensional subjects that need
to develop not only their more cognitive capacities but
other abilities as, for example, the
physical, artistic and spiritual. Traditionally, leaming has often
considered only a cognitive
activity, but if we take brain science into account, this consideration
inaccurate and
educationally and
problematic. As Rogers (1 975: 40) affirmed, mainstream educational
institutions
focused so intently on the cognitiveand
limited themselves so completely
to 'educating from the neck up' that this
is resulting in serious social consequences".
Widening the focus, both humanistic psychology and MIT recognize that leaming involves the
physical and affective
of the individual, as well as the cognitive.
Neurophysiologist Hannaford has studied the relationship between leaming and the body,
and she points to the benefits of taking the physical
of learners into account and
incorporating movement in the classroom, including bringing a greater supply of oxygen to the
brain and increasing the energy
of students. She summarizes one of the main reasons why
movement and the body are important for leaming:
which is too often considered to b e merely a matter of analytical ability m e a s u r e d
and valued in T.Q. p o i n t s depends on more of the brain and the body than we generally
Physical movement, from earliest infancy and throughout our lives, plays an important role in the
creation of nerve
networks which are
the essence of leaming.
(1995: 96) there
strong neurobiological support for the
of affect for
leaming. Neurobiologist Damasio (1994: xii), using
from studies of the brain, asserts
that our emotional life is "an integral component of the machinery of reason"; and in his work
on a brain-based model of language acquisition, Schumann (1994: 232) comments that "brain
stem, limbic and frontolimbic
which comprise the stimulus appraisal system, emotionally
cognition such that, in the brain, emotion and cognition are distinguishable but
inseparable. Therefore, from a neural perspective, affect
an integral part of cognition".
Neuroscience, then, points to the need to develop a holistic view of the classroom, taking
the physical and affective dimensions of learners into account if their cognitive
is to
function optimally. Within this perspective, the incorporation of MIT
an effective way to
broaden both the goals and the range of tools at our disposal for teaching a foreign language.
Servicio de Publicaciones. Universidad de Murcia.
rights reserved.
vol. 4 2004,
pp. 119-136