126
Jane Arnold
M"
Carmen
but encompasses
aspects of communication" (Richards and Rodgers
200
1
:
17). The MIT
instructional perspective
that language leaming, that is to say, developing leamers'
verbal linguistic intelligence in a
language, can be favoured by using a variety
of leaming tasks which
upon
intelligences. The teacher offers a choice of tasks, not
to teach to specifíc intelligences but to give learners the opportunity of apprehending information
in their preferred way, as well as to
the development of their other intelligences. We
will now consider briefly how the verbal linguistic intelligence involved in
language learning can be supported by the other intelligence frameworks developed by Gardner.
11.1.
T h e
musical-rhythmic frame
The musical-rhythmic intelligence has to do with the ability to perceive and appreciate rhythm,
pitch and melody. The use of music in the language classroom
not new. In Suggestopedia,
for example, the teacher tunes her voice to the
music during the concert
session. This
affects language in
ways: pauses between thought groups
more obvious, musical rhythm causes a slowing down in speech production and musical melody
guides the teacher's pitch variation. Research done on the effects
of music in the classroom
(Wood cited in Campbell, 1997; Lozanov, 1988) shows that students who had received musical
education or those that had
frequently exposed to
music had higher
academic results. Rauscher, Shaw and Ky (1 997) point to the effect of listening to music on the
development of learners'
intelligence. Music
has physical effects such as
the adaptation of breathing
to the musical rhythms, the impact on muscular energy and
psychological effects as
in its ability to induce a certain type of mood (Benenzon, 1995).
In general, it can be affírmed that the development of musical intelligence
the second
language classroom can
benefits such as helping students to concentrate and connect with
their inner
stimulating
processes,
cutting out
black noise, that
to say,
eliminating distracting sounds from in or
the classroom, and, above all,
fostering a
relaxed but motivating and productive classroom atmosphere.
11.2. T h e visual-spatial frame
Our visual-spatial intelligence is the ability we
to perceive
the elements (form, shape,
line, space, colour) necessary to
a mental image of something. Mental images are present
in thought and
a strong influence on reasoning (Arnold, 1999). Visual elements are
especially useful for providing comprehensible and meaningful
input for second language
learners. Research on language comprehension has pointed very conclusively to the
of imagery. In L
1
reading comprehension, for example, it has
found that the concreteness
of a text (its ability to evoke images) a better predictor of comprehension than
with
the context of the text (Sadoski, Goetz
Avila, 1995) and that interest in reading
related to
imagery (Long, Winograd
Bridge, 1989). Paivio's influential dual coding theory posits that
we
processing systems, a verbal system for language items and a non-verbal system
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