124
Jnne
M
ability" (p.201). This
subcomponent,
rnemory ability, is of central irnportance to the
understanding of the language learning process, though it still reflects a narrow perspective on
what it means to
a language, as it is not a solely question of retrieving verbal material
based on systemic knowledge of the language but
of connecting it
with contextual and
schematic knowledge, as no interaction is context-free (Anderson
Lynch 1988). Skehan's
revision of the three abilities of a sample of outstanding second language Iearners shows that
they do not seem to
exceptional intelligence andcognitive
(1998: 212).
fact, the
subject studied by Smith
Tsimpli (1995) did not score more than 107 in the traditional
intelligence tests. As a general conclusion, Skehan (1998) affirms that exceptional foreign
language learners are those that in a relatively short period of time (about three years) becorne
speakers, and exhibit a highly developed memory ability, that is to say, learners who are
good at assirnilating large quantities of new material and at retrieving it while interacting.
Skehan (1 998) emphasizes that language performance is memory and accessibility
dependent;
in classroom language learning MIT can
a basis for developing more effective
in the target language by helping learners to connect with the learning activities
and to
linguistic information stored in mernory.
1.6.
meaningfulness and engaging memory pathways
and constructivists agree that meaning is the
point for language learning.
As a clinical psychologist, Kelly (1 955) stressed the natural urge in human beings to make sense
of their world. This has important irnplications for language learning. Discussing
work.
and Burden (1997: 27-28) point out that
each person's individual construction of the world will depend upon their
experiences,
which will
influence how they anticipate what will happen in the future
...
Worthwhile
learning
not entail the reception of ready-made facts. but must involve
the building of new
personal meaning and understanding.
has very often
stated that meaningful learning fosters students' attentiveness. Jensen
(1998)
that meaning occurs in rnany
of the brain and he distinguishes between
and
sense meaning,
called surface and deeply felt rneaning. He includes
ernotional connection, pattern-rnaking and context as central elements to
a meaningful
rnessage. As no interaction is context-free, to mernorize any verbal information appropriately,
its correspondent context has to be stored as well, and this context needs to interact with the
learner's knowledge of the world.
It is in the interaction of
these different elernents that
meaningful learning ernerges According to Caine and Caine
rneaningful learning
"refers to storage of items that
so many connections, and are of such
that they can
be accessed appropriately in unexpected contexts".
Research shows that memory is not a
construct and that different
of the
6
Servicio de Publicaciones. Universidad de Murcia.
reserved.
IJES,
vol. 4
2004, pp. 119-136
Intelligence
and Foreign Language Learning
125
brain participate in the encoding and retrieving tasks (Brown, Bransford. Ferrara
Campione,
1983; Bransford, Brown
Cocking, 1999). The description of different types of memory and
the procedures of the learning process that contribute to the
durability of memory and
effectiveness of recall
the focus of numerous studies. For instance, Medina (1990)
showed that primary students improved their rate of vocabulary recall significantly when they
were exposed to stories accompanied by musical and visual stimuli.
With MIT applied in the language classroom, teachers are better able to tap into the
of personal meaningfulness of their students since they are recognizing the differences inherent
in the students and putting individuals with their different ways of learning where they belong,
back at the centre of the learning process.
Language learning can be supported by bringing in the musical, visual-spatial, bodily-
kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, mathematical and naturalistic
abilities as they
constitute distinct frames for working on the same linguistic
Not only
this variety
of presentations allow students to leam in their own best ways, it
helps to reduce boredom
as language leaming requires frequent circling back over the same material if leaming is to be
sustained. Schumann (1997: 32) claims that "sustained deep learning (SDL) is controlled by
stimulus appraisal. This learning is characterized as sustained
an extended period of
time (often
years) required to achieve it; it is characterized as deep
when it
is complete, the leamer
as proficient or expert". Schumann
points out that in the SLA
process proficiency, achieving sustained deep leaming, varies across individuals who may
similar leaming opportunities, with the variation seemingly depending on goals,
and
talents of the leamers. Unlike walking and speaking a first language, leamed by innate
mechanisms by
people in normal circumstances, the development of skills such as speaking
a foreign language requires SDL, which "is never inevitable and therefore is highly dependent
on affect, emotion, and motivation" (Schumann, 1997: 35). It seems reasonable to
that
a MIT approach to language teaching might reduce this variation in proficiency by tapping into
the different talents of leamers and thus providing them with both greater
and more
effective tools to make progress in the language leaming process.
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