Anahtar Kelimeler: Çocuk, Onam, Türkiye’deki Düzenlemeler
Summary
Below conversation was between the patient (girl, age 16) and the intern, in a pedi-
atrics clinic, room XX.
Intern: We are conducting a study on the children’s quality of life. Do you want to
answer the questionnaire to help us?
Patient (girl, age 16): I don’t want to tell anything to anyone.
Intern: You do not have to tell anything. I just want to give you a questionnaire that
you do not have to write your name on. Do you want to answer it?
Patient (girl, age 16): Everyone is willing to know why I don’t want to die, but I
don’t want to tell.
Intern: Okay, don’t tell. I am not asking about you coming to the hospital, and not
expecting you to tell. The doctors that are taking care of you would want to know
certain things in order to help you, and determine the treatment process, only if you
want and tell.
From the perspective of the above conversation, the effects of the children patient’s
choices and decisions in case of the attempts on their bodies, on their lives are
aimed to be explained based on the acts and regulations in Turkey.
The 41th item of the Constitution in 1982 of the Turkish Republic is about the
Protection of Family and Children Rights.
In the 6th item of the Turkish Criminal Law, the word “children” refers to “someone
who has not turn 18”. In the 3rd item of the Child Protection Act, it was stated that,
“Child, even mature in earlier ages, is someone have not turn 18”.
According to the 17th item of the Constitution of the Turkish Republic, even though
the Right to Live is gained at the birth in a full and healthy condition, the usage of
this Right occurs in certain circumstances. These are being mature, capacity of
discernment, and not being restricted.
Socially, child is defined in the point of not fully having the ability to decide, and
not having the ability on decide on own. Yet, according to the Turkish Criminal
Law, a child that do not have a perception problem, is hold responsible from the acts
that he/she does, if older than 12 year old. Should a child, who is hold as responsible
from her/his acts, have the right to say something on the operations on his/her own
body beginning from this age?
When taking into account that our acts consider the children are limited and insuffi-
cient to decide, the question “who to inform for the attempts, and take the consent
from?” comes to the fore. In this direction, the Patient Rights Regulation, which
was prepared considering the acts, regulations, and ethical problems and principles;
has maintained the following: “even for the cases, in which the legal
representative’s (guardian) acquiescence is necessary and sufficient (item 26)”, the
little or interdict patient’s contribution to the medical treatment is provided by
listening him/her, in so far as possible.
On the basis of the legislations and the discussion provided above, it is concluded
that, however the children’s right to know and to be informed are reserved, taking
the consent of the child patient is required considering his/her age, before starting to
the medical intervention, in addition to the parent’s written consent.
Key Words: Child, Consent, Regulations in Turkey
163
Doğu Bilgelerinden Farabi ve Müzikle Tedavi Bahsi
Music Therapy in the Works of al-Farabi, One of the
Foremost Eastern Scholars
Hülya ÖZTÜRK*
*Araştırma Görevlisi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Tıp
Tarihi ve Etik Anabilim Dalı.
hulyaozturk-53@hotmail.com/
hulyao@ogu.edu.tr
Özet
Farabi, 870 yılında doğmuştur. Tam adı Ebu Nasr Muhammed bin
Muhammed bin Turhan bin Uzluk el-Farabi el Türki olup Türkistan’ın Farab
kentinin yetiştirdiği en önemli şahsiyetlerin başında gelmektedir.
Türk düşünce tarihinin en büyük isimlerinden olan Farabi, aklı insanın
sahip olabileceği en yüce değer olarak benimsemiş, grek düşüncesinden büyük
ölçüde etkilenmiş, bu alanda yaptığı çalışmaları kendisine Aristoteles'ten sonra
ikinci öğretmen lakabının verilmesine sebep olmuştur. Doğunun batıya açılan
düşünce tarihinde köşe taşlarından biri olma özelliğini taşıyan Farabi adeta “Doğu
Bilgeliğinin Kapısı” olmuştur.
Farabi, mantık-matematik-astronomi-astroloji-fizik-psikoloji-doğa tarihi-
müzik-genel felsefe-ahlak, siyaset-dil-bilim-tasavvuf-din gibi pek çok alanla
ilgilenmiştir. Bunlardan müzik alanında verdiği eserlerinde daha çok tasavvufi
anlayış ağır basmaktadır. İslam Medeniyeti tarihinde özellikle tasavvuf ekolü
mensupları müzikle uğraşmış, akli ve asabi hastalıklarda müzikle tedaviyi
önermişlerdir.
Bu dönemde yaşamış büyük Türk-İslam alimleri ve hekimlerinden olan
Zekeriya Er-Razi, İbn-i Sina ve Farabi, müzikle tedavinin psişik hastalıkların
tedavisinde kullanılabileceğini söylemiş ve kullanmışlardır.
Çalışmamızda Farabi’nin hayatı, eserleri ve sağlık alanına olan etkisi üzer-
inde durulduktan sonra bu alandaki eseri olan Musiki-ul-Kebir adlı eserinde
müziğin önemi, ruha olan etkileri ve müzikle tedavinin ne şekilde yapılabileceğiyle
ilgili verdiği bilgiler açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır.
Musiki, Farabiye göre ilimler sınıflamasında matematiğin bir dalı olarak
ele alınmıştır. Bu konuda Oklides’in eserlerinden de yararlanan Farabi musiki
alanıyla ilgili, el-medhel, sanaa’el musiki, kitab fi ihsa-ul ika’va-l ikaat, sanaate fi-l
musiki ve el musiki-l kebir adlı büyük eserlerini kaleme almıştır. Bunlardan bugüne
kadar ulaşan el-musiki-l kebir adlı eseri bu alandaki en önemli ve Ortaçağ’ın en
büyük eseridir. Sonuç olarak İslam medeniyetinde müzikle tedavi şekli daha
sonraları daha da geliştirilerek gerek Selçuklu gerekse Osmanlı hekimleri
tarafından tatbik edilmiştir.
Summary
Al-Farabi was born in 870. His full name is Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad
ibn Tarhan ibn Uzalag al-Farabi. He is one of the most prominent figures who was
born in Farab, Turkestan.
One of the greatest figures in the Turkish history of thought, Farabi predicated that
reason is the most sublime value that a person may have. He was considerably influ-
enced by the Greek thought, and his studies in this field earned him the title of
“Second Teacher”, following Aristotle. One of the pillars in the history of thought,
opening from east towards the west, Farabi was the “Door of the Eastern Wisdom”.
Farabi was interested in plenty of disciplines including logic, mathematics,
astronomy, astrology, physics, psychology, history of nature, music, general
philosophy, ethics, politics, languages, sciences, sufism and religion. In his works
related to music, the influence of Sufism is tangible. In the history of the Islamic
civilization, particularly the members of the mystic school were interested in music
and suggested the use of music in the treatment of mental and neural disorders.
Great Turkish-Islamic scholars and physicians who lived in that age, including
Zakariya al-Razi, Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Farabi used musical therapy for the treat-
ment of psychic diseases.
After providing an overview of the biography and works of Farabi as well as his
influence on the field of medicine, this study offers information on the importance
of music, mental effects of music and methods of music therapy, as dealt with in his
work Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir (The Great Book of Music).
In Farabi’s classification of disciplines, music is a subfield of mathematics. Making
use of Euclid’s works, Farabi produced great works related to music, i.e.
Al-Madhal, Sanaa’al Musiqi, Kitab Ihsa’ al-Iqaat (Classification of Rhythms),
Sanaate fi-l musiqi and Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir. Among these works, Kitab
al-Musiqa al-Kabir, which reached our present day, is his most notable work in this
field and the greatest work on music written in the medieval age. In the Islamic
civilization, music therapy increasingly developed and was used by the Seljuk and
Ottoman physicians.
Herbal Carminative Medicines as Viewed by Hakim Aghili Shi-
razi in Makhzan-al-Adviya
Mehdi PASALAR-1, Maryam MOSAFFA-JAHROMI-2
1- Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences,
Shiraz, Iran
2- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz Univer-
sity of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
E-mail: pasalar@sums.ac.ir
mehdipasalar@yahoo.com
Summary
Abdominal bloating or flatulence is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal com-
plaints which affecting different health parameters like satisfaction and quality of
life. There are numerous suggestions to solve this problematic illness and herbal
carminative medicines are among recommended options.
Regarding traditional Persian medicine (TPM), various kinds of herbal carmina-
tive medicines with their specific mechanisms of action could relieve or treat these
complaints.
Hakim Aghili Shirazi (lived in 18th century), one of the great scholars in TPM field,
has introduced all types of herbal carminatives in his valuable book about single
herbal medicines (Mofradat), “Makhzan-Al-Adviya”, written in Persian and organ-
ized it in 14 chapters.
Reviewing the book, these herbal carminatives are set in six categories:
1. Mohallil-e Riyah (gas gradual dissolver): Pimpinella anisum L. and Myristica
fragrans Houtt.
2. Taarid-o Riyah (gas repeller): Cyperus longus and Glycyrrhiza glabra.
3. Kasir-o Riyah (gas fractionating and excreting): Ruta graveolens L. and
Alpinia officinaum Hance.
4. Daafi-e Riyah (gas excreting): Illicium verum Mill. and Eugenia caryophyllata
Thunb.
5. Mofashi-e Riyah (gas diffuser): Prangos ferulacea L. and Ferula assa-foetida L.
6. Mosakin-e Riyah (gas calmative): Beta vulgaris L. and Fraxinus excelsior L.
Each group has a specific function on gastrointestinal gas passage and conse-
quently, results in abdominal distention relief. Recognition of precise mechanisms
of these herbal plants and comparison with synthetic drugs through well designed
clinical trials are neglected necessities for TPM researchers worldwide.
Key Words: Hakim Aghili Shirazi, Herbal Carminative Medicines, Makhzan-
Al-Adviya, Traditional Persian Medicine.
164
Doğu Bilgelerinden Farabi ve Müzikle Tedavi Bahsi
Music Therapy in the Works of al-Farabi, One of the
Foremost Eastern Scholars
Hülya ÖZTÜRK*
*Araştırma Görevlisi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Tıp
Tarihi ve Etik Anabilim Dalı.
hulyaozturk-53@hotmail.com/
hulyao@ogu.edu.tr
Özet
Farabi, 870 yılında doğmuştur. Tam adı Ebu Nasr Muhammed bin
Muhammed bin Turhan bin Uzluk el-Farabi el Türki olup Türkistan’ın Farab
kentinin yetiştirdiği en önemli şahsiyetlerin başında gelmektedir.
Türk düşünce tarihinin en büyük isimlerinden olan Farabi, aklı insanın
sahip olabileceği en yüce değer olarak benimsemiş, grek düşüncesinden büyük
ölçüde etkilenmiş, bu alanda yaptığı çalışmaları kendisine Aristoteles'ten sonra
ikinci öğretmen lakabının verilmesine sebep olmuştur. Doğunun batıya açılan
düşünce tarihinde köşe taşlarından biri olma özelliğini taşıyan Farabi adeta “Doğu
Bilgeliğinin Kapısı” olmuştur.
Farabi, mantık-matematik-astronomi-astroloji-fizik-psikoloji-doğa tarihi-
müzik-genel felsefe-ahlak, siyaset-dil-bilim-tasavvuf-din gibi pek çok alanla
ilgilenmiştir. Bunlardan müzik alanında verdiği eserlerinde daha çok tasavvufi
anlayış ağır basmaktadır. İslam Medeniyeti tarihinde özellikle tasavvuf ekolü
mensupları müzikle uğraşmış, akli ve asabi hastalıklarda müzikle tedaviyi
önermişlerdir.
Bu dönemde yaşamış büyük Türk-İslam alimleri ve hekimlerinden olan
Zekeriya Er-Razi, İbn-i Sina ve Farabi, müzikle tedavinin psişik hastalıkların
tedavisinde kullanılabileceğini söylemiş ve kullanmışlardır.
Çalışmamızda Farabi’nin hayatı, eserleri ve sağlık alanına olan etkisi üzer-
inde durulduktan sonra bu alandaki eseri olan Musiki-ul-Kebir adlı eserinde
müziğin önemi, ruha olan etkileri ve müzikle tedavinin ne şekilde yapılabileceğiyle
ilgili verdiği bilgiler açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır.
Musiki, Farabiye göre ilimler sınıflamasında matematiğin bir dalı olarak
ele alınmıştır. Bu konuda Oklides’in eserlerinden de yararlanan Farabi musiki
alanıyla ilgili, el-medhel, sanaa’el musiki, kitab fi ihsa-ul ika’va-l ikaat, sanaate fi-l
musiki ve el musiki-l kebir adlı büyük eserlerini kaleme almıştır. Bunlardan bugüne
kadar ulaşan el-musiki-l kebir adlı eseri bu alandaki en önemli ve Ortaçağ’ın en
büyük eseridir. Sonuç olarak İslam medeniyetinde müzikle tedavi şekli daha
sonraları daha da geliştirilerek gerek Selçuklu gerekse Osmanlı hekimleri
tarafından tatbik edilmiştir.
Summary
Al-Farabi was born in 870. His full name is Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad
ibn Tarhan ibn Uzalag al-Farabi. He is one of the most prominent figures who was
born in Farab, Turkestan.
One of the greatest figures in the Turkish history of thought, Farabi predicated that
reason is the most sublime value that a person may have. He was considerably influ-
enced by the Greek thought, and his studies in this field earned him the title of
“Second Teacher”, following Aristotle. One of the pillars in the history of thought,
opening from east towards the west, Farabi was the “Door of the Eastern Wisdom”.
Farabi was interested in plenty of disciplines including logic, mathematics,
astronomy, astrology, physics, psychology, history of nature, music, general
philosophy, ethics, politics, languages, sciences, sufism and religion. In his works
related to music, the influence of Sufism is tangible. In the history of the Islamic
civilization, particularly the members of the mystic school were interested in music
and suggested the use of music in the treatment of mental and neural disorders.
Great Turkish-Islamic scholars and physicians who lived in that age, including
Zakariya al-Razi, Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Farabi used musical therapy for the treat-
ment of psychic diseases.
After providing an overview of the biography and works of Farabi as well as his
influence on the field of medicine, this study offers information on the importance
of music, mental effects of music and methods of music therapy, as dealt with in his
work Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir (The Great Book of Music).
In Farabi’s classification of disciplines, music is a subfield of mathematics. Making
use of Euclid’s works, Farabi produced great works related to music, i.e.
Al-Madhal, Sanaa’al Musiqi, Kitab Ihsa’ al-Iqaat (Classification of Rhythms),
Sanaate fi-l musiqi and Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir. Among these works, Kitab
al-Musiqa al-Kabir, which reached our present day, is his most notable work in this
field and the greatest work on music written in the medieval age. In the Islamic
civilization, music therapy increasingly developed and was used by the Seljuk and
Ottoman physicians.
Çağının Tanığı Olarak Abbâsî Sarayı Tabipleri
Physicians of Abbasid Court as Eyewitnesses to Their Era
Selahattin POLATOGLU
e-mail:s_polatoglu@yahoo.com
Yuzuncu Yil University Faculty of Theology, Department of Islamic History,
Van/TURKEY
Guest Researcher at The University of Jordan, Amman/JORDAN
Özet
Her bilimin mazisi tarihe konu olduğu gibi, tarih de farklı alanlardan gelen kimse-
ler tarafından kaleme alınmıştır. İslam toplumunda h. III./ m. IX. asırdan itibaren tıp
ve tabipler tarihine dair eserler yazılmaya başlamıştır. Bu bağlamda, tabiplerin de
çağının tanığı olarak tarih yazdıklarını görmekteyiz. İslam dünyasında tabiplerin
tarih yazıcılığının ilk örneklerine Abbâsî Devleti’nde rastlamaktayız. Saray
tabipleri halife ve devlet ricalinin tedavisiyle vazifeli iken, aynı zamanda siyasi ve
toplumsal hadiselere de bizzat yakından şahit oluyorlardı. Bu hekimlerden bazısı
kronik tutarak çağını kayıt altına almış, bazısı da hatırat yazarak müşahedelerini
gelecek nesillere aktarma yolunu seçmiştir.
Bu araştırmada Abbâsî saraylarında tabip olarak hizmet etmenin yanı sıra tarih eseri
yazan şahsiyetleri tespit etmeye çalışacağız. Bu tabiplerin dönemin tarih
yazıcılığına ne tür katkı sağladıkları, tarih eserlerindeki hususiyetler ve Abbasi
sarayınca istihdam edilen tabiplerinin gündelik yaşamlarının öne çıkan yönleri ele
alınacaktır. Özellikle Abbâsî sarayı tabiplerinden Huneyn b. İshak (ö. 260/873) ile
Sâbit b. Sinân’ın (ö. 365/975-76) tarih eserleri üzerinde durulacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Abbâsî devleti, saray tabipleri, tarih yazıcılığı, Huneyn b.
İshak, Sâbit b. Sinân
Summary
As the past of every science is dealt in history, history has also been written by the
people from different fields. In Islamic society, the works on history of the medicine
and physicians (Ṭabīb) began to be written in the 3rd AH / 9th AD century. In this
context, we see some physicians who also write history as a witness of their era.
Where we find the first examples of history-writing by the physicians in the Islamic
world is Abbasid state. While physicians charged at the Abbasid court with the
treatment of the caliphate and statesmen, at the same time, they were eyewitnesses
to the political and social events. Some of these doctors recorded their era by
writing the annals and some others, writing the memories, preferred transferring
their witnesses to the next generations.
In this research we try to identify personalities wrote books of history in addition to
their service as a physician at the Abbasid courts. Their contribution rates to the
historiography of the period, the characteristics of their historical works and the
prominent aspects of everyday life of physicians employed by the Abbasid courts
will be also studied. Especially, this study will focus on works done by physicians
of Abbasid palace, Hunayn b. Ishāq (d. 260/873) and Thābit b. Sinān (d. 365/975-
76).
Keywords: Abbasid state, the court physicians, historiography, Hunayn b.
Ishāq, Thābit b. Sinān
165
Doğu Bilgelerinden Farabi ve Müzikle Tedavi Bahsi
Music Therapy in the Works of al-Farabi, One of the
Foremost Eastern Scholars
Hülya ÖZTÜRK*
*Araştırma Görevlisi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Tıp
Tarihi ve Etik Anabilim Dalı.
hulyaozturk-53@hotmail.com/
hulyao@ogu.edu.tr
Özet
Farabi, 870 yılında doğmuştur. Tam adı Ebu Nasr Muhammed bin
Muhammed bin Turhan bin Uzluk el-Farabi el Türki olup Türkistan’ın Farab
kentinin yetiştirdiği en önemli şahsiyetlerin başında gelmektedir.
Türk düşünce tarihinin en büyük isimlerinden olan Farabi, aklı insanın
sahip olabileceği en yüce değer olarak benimsemiş, grek düşüncesinden büyük
ölçüde etkilenmiş, bu alanda yaptığı çalışmaları kendisine Aristoteles'ten sonra
ikinci öğretmen lakabının verilmesine sebep olmuştur. Doğunun batıya açılan
düşünce tarihinde köşe taşlarından biri olma özelliğini taşıyan Farabi adeta “Doğu
Bilgeliğinin Kapısı” olmuştur.
Farabi, mantık-matematik-astronomi-astroloji-fizik-psikoloji-doğa tarihi-
müzik-genel felsefe-ahlak, siyaset-dil-bilim-tasavvuf-din gibi pek çok alanla
ilgilenmiştir. Bunlardan müzik alanında verdiği eserlerinde daha çok tasavvufi
anlayış ağır basmaktadır. İslam Medeniyeti tarihinde özellikle tasavvuf ekolü
mensupları müzikle uğraşmış, akli ve asabi hastalıklarda müzikle tedaviyi
önermişlerdir.
Bu dönemde yaşamış büyük Türk-İslam alimleri ve hekimlerinden olan
Zekeriya Er-Razi, İbn-i Sina ve Farabi, müzikle tedavinin psişik hastalıkların
tedavisinde kullanılabileceğini söylemiş ve kullanmışlardır.
Çalışmamızda Farabi’nin hayatı, eserleri ve sağlık alanına olan etkisi üzer-
inde durulduktan sonra bu alandaki eseri olan Musiki-ul-Kebir adlı eserinde
müziğin önemi, ruha olan etkileri ve müzikle tedavinin ne şekilde yapılabileceğiyle
ilgili verdiği bilgiler açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır.
Musiki, Farabiye göre ilimler sınıflamasında matematiğin bir dalı olarak
ele alınmıştır. Bu konuda Oklides’in eserlerinden de yararlanan Farabi musiki
alanıyla ilgili, el-medhel, sanaa’el musiki, kitab fi ihsa-ul ika’va-l ikaat, sanaate fi-l
musiki ve el musiki-l kebir adlı büyük eserlerini kaleme almıştır. Bunlardan bugüne
kadar ulaşan el-musiki-l kebir adlı eseri bu alandaki en önemli ve Ortaçağ’ın en
büyük eseridir. Sonuç olarak İslam medeniyetinde müzikle tedavi şekli daha
sonraları daha da geliştirilerek gerek Selçuklu gerekse Osmanlı hekimleri
tarafından tatbik edilmiştir.
Summary
Al-Farabi was born in 870. His full name is Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad
ibn Tarhan ibn Uzalag al-Farabi. He is one of the most prominent figures who was
born in Farab, Turkestan.
One of the greatest figures in the Turkish history of thought, Farabi predicated that
reason is the most sublime value that a person may have. He was considerably influ-
enced by the Greek thought, and his studies in this field earned him the title of
“Second Teacher”, following Aristotle. One of the pillars in the history of thought,
opening from east towards the west, Farabi was the “Door of the Eastern Wisdom”.
Farabi was interested in plenty of disciplines including logic, mathematics,
astronomy, astrology, physics, psychology, history of nature, music, general
philosophy, ethics, politics, languages, sciences, sufism and religion. In his works
related to music, the influence of Sufism is tangible. In the history of the Islamic
civilization, particularly the members of the mystic school were interested in music
and suggested the use of music in the treatment of mental and neural disorders.
Great Turkish-Islamic scholars and physicians who lived in that age, including
Zakariya al-Razi, Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Farabi used musical therapy for the treat-
ment of psychic diseases.
After providing an overview of the biography and works of Farabi as well as his
influence on the field of medicine, this study offers information on the importance
of music, mental effects of music and methods of music therapy, as dealt with in his
work Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir (The Great Book of Music).
In Farabi’s classification of disciplines, music is a subfield of mathematics. Making
use of Euclid’s works, Farabi produced great works related to music, i.e.
Al-Madhal, Sanaa’al Musiqi, Kitab Ihsa’ al-Iqaat (Classification of Rhythms),
Sanaate fi-l musiqi and Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir. Among these works, Kitab
al-Musiqa al-Kabir, which reached our present day, is his most notable work in this
field and the greatest work on music written in the medieval age. In the Islamic
civilization, music therapy increasingly developed and was used by the Seljuk and
Ottoman physicians.
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