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The earliest vaccination is thought to date back to
the 10th century in China (Image credit:
Shutterstock)
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that approximately 2 million to 3 million
lives are saved annually thanks to vaccinations against contagious diseases such as
diphtheria, tetanus and measles.
The earliest rudimentary vaccination is thought to date back to the 10th century in China,
when people inoculated small scratches in the skin with small doses of smallpox to
provide protection against the disease. But in 1796, English physician Edward Jenner
discovered that milkmaids rarely caught or died of smallpox because they were previously
infected by the cowpox virus, also called Vaccinia. So he used cowpox to develop a
smallpox vaccine. He inoculated an 8-year-old boy with cowpox and then with smallpox,
and the boy never caught the deadly scourge. Jenner's experiment led to the creation of a
smallpox vaccine and his work is regarded as the start of immunology. In 1980, smallpox
was declared officially eradicated by WHO. But scientists continue to develop new life-
saving vaccines — most notably, the coronavirus vaccines that played a large role in
combatting the pandemic.
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