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15. Marine chronometer
John Harrison's first marine timekeeper, 1735. It
took self-taught English clockmaker John Harrison
(1693-1776) five years to build Harrison Number
One or H1, which kept time so precisely that
navigators were able to establish their longitude at
sea. (Image credit: Science History Images /
Alamy Stock Photo via Getty Images)
The 15th century marked the beginning of the great voyages of discovery by adventurers
and sea merchants and the development of a global ocean trade network. Trading
vessels carried highly prized silk, spices, salt, wine and tea across often-treacherous
seas for months on end. After the loss of four ships at sea in the Scilly naval disaster of
1707, seafarers realized they needed an accurate way to determine longitude when out of
sight of land.
In 1714, the British parliament offered a prize of 20,000 pounds to anyone who could
solve the problem. Carpenter John Harrison won the bounty in 1735 with his marine
chronometer. What is perhaps even more remarkable is that Harrison was a self-taught
clockmaker. His ingenious timekeeping device was powered by the rocking motion of the
ship rather than by gravity and could be used by sailors to accurately calculate longitude
at sea.
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