The Continent as Object of Knowledge
147
civilization and the appearance of the earliest rulers: Fuxi, N
ü
wa, and
Shennong.
28
The content of each entry is fairly brief, providing the basics
of each ruler’s biography. More significant than the concrete details of
any given figure’s life is the way in which the reader is immediately con-
fronted with an indication of one of Shigenori’s methods for reworking
the material, a technique that resembles those found “on the fringe of
Chinese Buddhist literature.”
29
For each of the primeval divine rulers,
Shigenori introduces commentary that universalizes his or her identity.
Fuxi is equated with an incarnation (
gonge
) of
Ō
sei Daishi and described
as having been charged by two bodhisattvas, H
ōō
sei and H
ō
kissh
ō
, with
making the sun and moon.
30
N
ü
wa is designated as an incarnation of
H
ō
kissh
ō
, and the two are subsequently compared to the bodhisattvas
Seishi and Kannon, respectively. Lastly, Shennong is matched to both the
Medicine Buddha and his (Shennong’s) Japanese counterpart, “the Bull-
Headed Sovereign of Gion.”
31
Thus, at the same time as this trio of found-
ing figures is introduced within the narrative of Chinese history, each is
specifically placed in a Buddhist frame of reference. This links them to a
broader identity that defies state or sovereign boundaries, making them
simultaneously Chinese entities and something more.
32
Or, to put it an-
other way, turning the founders of Chinese civilization into manifesta-
28. I render the names to reflect modern Mandarin pronunciation primarily for
practical concerns: first, to facilitate cross-referencing with Western-language scholar-
ship
on Chinese history, and second, for the simple reason
that Chinese has more
sounds than Japanese has morae. Using Chinese thus makes it easier to distinguish
between the sounds.
29. Zürcher,
Buddhist Conquest of China
, 308.
30. Hirasawa and Yoshida,
Kara kagami: Shōkōkanbon
, 12–13. Erik Zürcher points
to the idea in Chinese “Buddhist apocrypha” of “even the rulers of the legendary era
being qualified as Bodhisattvas” more than once (
Buddhist Conquest of China
, 309 and
313–14). On the Chinese texts in which this occurs, see ibid., 318–19. See also Otagiri,
“‘Kara kagami’ ni okeru Kanseki juyō,” 189–94.
31. Hirasawa and Yoshida,
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