28
Introduction
the position of a marked form. Amsler continues: “The marker model
helps us reaccess the absent and the unsaid or repressed in literate dis-
courses and language use. By bringing written discourse’s other back into
the textual field, all language use becomes marked within a contested
field.”
65
Such an argument attributes an agenda or positionality to the se-
lection
of any language, Classical Chinese or otherwise. As Amsler
states: “There is no fundamental or original language moment or gram-
matical form from which all other forms depart or derive EXCEPT as
the products of ideological work. So-called unmarked, standard or given
forms are products of ideological work, maintaining and governing re-
gimes of power and truth. The generic, syntactic, and semantic opposi-
tions of marked/unmarked structure the dominant social understandings
of what is considered natural and deviant.”
66
This contention has two
important implications for the present study. First, it allows an under-
standing of textual production and reception as processes in which au-
thors and readers, knowingly or not, assign values to choices of language
or linguistic form. Writing in any form is not neutral in this framework.
Second, and more significantly, it enables a destabilization of the narra-
tive of language selection as simply a passive product of declining linguistic
ability in Classical Chinese or
kanbun
. When no one form of writing is
“natural,” the choice to alter or combine forms becomes empowered rather
than simply reactive. Ergo, it becomes possible—or even necessary—
to think about multilingual or “nonstandard” texts as something other
than linguistic or formal degenerates. Although I will not explicitly use
the “marker model” in my discussions of language (or style) selection,
my analysis of multilingual and multistyle writing as potentially deliber-
ate choices clearly derives from Amsler’s evaluation of language pres-
tige and ideologies.
Lastly, the fourth path addressing the appeal of the ordering of the
past can be understood in part through taking into consideration the
larger historical context in which the historiographic
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