Allmark-Kent 184
Moreover, when the young pumas display “for the first time the alert and eager
sensibil
ities of true hunters,” their mother
encourages the behaviour, and allows
them to continue following her example on a hunt:
Despite her intense preoccupation with the task that lay ahead, she
became aware of the change […] As soon as she had oriented herself,
she moved forward without ordering the kittens to stay behind. She was
tacitly allowing them to be her partners in the hunt. […] [T]he manner in
which their mother was moving, and the fact that she was clearly
allowing them to participate in the hunt further affected the behaviour of
the kittens. (132)
Thus, she demonstrates all the core elements of Caro and Hauser’s definition:
modifying behaviour
in the presence of her young, encouraging and punishing,
providing experience, and setting an example. This is not to suggest any
contact between Lawrence and Caro and Hauser, but to reveal the broad, late
twentieth-century shift in attitudes towards animal intelligence that enabled
these parallel depictions of nonhuman teaching to arise at almost the same
time.
As such, it is useful to recall here Burroughs
’ comments regarding
pa
rental instruction: “The young of all wild creatures do instinctively what their
parents do and did. They do not have to be taught; they are
taught by nature
from the start” (137). Of course, as I have suggested previously, Seton’s
speculations on animal teaching were shrouded in anthropomorphic metaphor;
Lawrence’s, on the other hand, seem more realistic, more
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