Allmark-Kent 182
Here, then, we can begin to the see difference between
The White Puma
and
earlier wild animal stories. Rather than relying on instinct or
metaphor to explain
the actions of his protagonists, Lawrence does the (sometimes laborious) work
of demonstrating the survival advantages of their cognitive, social, and
emotional complexity. Of course, this would have been difficult for Seton or
Roberts to achieve within the scope of a short story, whether
they wanted to or
not. By integrating the ability to
learn
(which, we might recall, was George
Romanes’ definition of having a mind) into his representations at all times,
Lawrence also indicates that the rigidity and fixity of pure
‘instinct’
is illogical.
Like Haig-
Brown’s ‘home stream theory’ thought experiment, Lawrence
essentially argues for the credibility of cognitive ethology as the most plausible
explanation of animal intelligence. Although the Nature
Fakers controversy, and
early beginnings of behaviourism, led to an increased self-consciousness in
Seton
’s and Roberts’ work, it was generally restricted to their prefaces and not
their representations. As we have seen, however, the mid-twentieth-century
authors were rather more cautious. Yet the gradual decline of behaviourism
towards the end of the twentieth century means
that Lawrence can take this
persuasive stance without the need to justify or explain his attitude to animal
minds.
As discussed in Chapter Four, the question of nonhuman teaching drew
some of the greatest ire during the Nature Fakers controversy. Yet, without
hesitation or qualification, Lawrence states
that the female puma teaches,
instructs, and disciplines her young:
[S]he was aware that if her kittens were to survive, they had to be taught
to be cautious, to be keenly observant, and to exercise their memories,
even while engaging in routine affairs. So [...] the puma led her kittens
cautiously and taught them by example; patiently, and hour by hour she
demonstrated the skills that would make them capable of identifying and
storing a veritable cornucopia of environmental signals. (120)
Allmark-Kent 183
In 1992, animal cognition researchers, Tim M. Caro and Marc D. Hauser,
published a paper in the
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