UOT 398
AŞIQ SÜMMANİNİN BİR DİVANİSİNDƏ TƏSƏVVÜF SİMVOLİKASI
MƏMMƏDOV AVTANDİL İSRAFİL oğlu
Sumqayıt Dövlət Universiteti, dosent
e-mail: avtandil.aqbaba@mail.ru
Açar sözlər: aşıq poeziyası, sufi, divani, Tanrı, klassik ənənə
Klassik aşıq şeirinin ən yaxşı ənənələrini davam və inkişaf etdirən Aşıq Sümmani yaradıcılığa
mürəkkəb bir sosial-siyasi və tarix-mədəni şəraitdə başlamışdır. Hələ gənc yaşlarında ikən doğulub
boya-başa çatdığı Şərqi Anadolunun Qars, Ərzurum, Ərdahan və digər bölgələrinin rus ordusu
tərəfindən işğalını görən, sevdiyi Gülpərinin eşqi ilə diyar-diyar dolaşıb ölkələr keçən bu qüdrətli
saz-söz sənətkarı öz yaradıcılığı ilə doğma xalqının əsil tərcümanı olmuşdur. Poeziyasında yüksək
sənətkarlıqla əks olunan ayrılıq, həsrət, iztirab və həyəcanlar, mənəvi sarsıntılar, dərd, möhnət və
sair kimi motivlər yuxarıda qeyd etdiyimiz həmin hadisələrlə, aşığın fərdi yaşantıları ilə sıx
bağlıdır. Bu baxımdan Aşıq Sümmani həm lirik poeziyasında, həm də dastan yaradıcılığında
özünəməxsus sənət ənənələri, ədəbi keyfiyyətlrəi ilə seçilən bir xalq sənətkarıdır. Türk şeir
ənənəsində bu ustad aşığın yaradıcılığı həm aşıq ədəbiyyatı, həm də klassik Şərq poeziyası
kontekstində incələnib tədqiq olunmalıdır. Çünki Aşıq Sümmani bir tərəfdən bütün mahiyyəti ilə
xalq şeirinə, ozan-aşıq sənətinin qədim köklərinə bağlıdırsa, digər tərəfdən o, klassik poeziyadan
yaradıcı şəkildə bəhrələnən və bu istiqamətdə gözəl sənət örnəkləri yaradan aşıq-ozandır. Üçüncü
bir tərəfdən Aşıq Sümmaninin yaradıcılığı Azərbaycan-Anadolu aşıq mühitinin ortaq ənənələrini,
qarşılıqlı sənət əlaqələrini, bu əlaqələrin forma və üsullarını, onun keçmişdən gələcəyə bağlanan
spesifik cəhətlərini öyrənmək baxımından daha çox əhəmiyyətlidir. Belə bir əhəmiyyət kəsb edən
problem ədəbi-fəlsəfi və mədəni-estetik mahiyyəti ilə Aşıq Sümmani yaradıcılığını
səciyyələndirməyə imkan verir.
Bəllidir ki, Aşıq Sümmaninin zəngin yaradıcılığının əsas hissəsini onun lirik şeirləri təşkil
edir. Türkiyə folklorşünaslığında Sürəyya Rauf, Dilavər Düzgün, Ziyaəddin Fəxri Fındıqoğlu,
Xeyrəddin Rayman, Abdulqədir Erkal və digər alimlər Aşıq Sümmaninin yaradıcılığı haqqında
müxtəlif səpkili araşdırmalar aparmış, aşığın lirik poeziyasını forma və məzmun xüsusiyyətlərinə
görə təsnif etməyə cəhd göstərmişlər. Məsələn, ustad aşığın ardıcıl tədqiqatçılarından olan A.Erkal
özünün sonuncu araşdırmasında Aşıq Sümmaninin lirik şeirlərinin janrlarına görə aşağıdakı kimi
qruplaşdırmışdır:
a)
qoşmalar; b) səmailər (gəraylılar); c)divanilər; d) dastanlar; [1, 19-22]
Öncə qeyd etmək lazımdır ki, “divanilər” başlığı altında A.Erkal Aşıq Sümmaninin əruz
vəznində yazdığı şeirləri nəzərdə tutur. Məlumdur ki, Aşıq Sümmaninin divanından bu günümüzə
21 qəzəl, 14 divani, 3 müsəmmə və 2 müstəzad gəlib çatmışdır.
A.Erkal aşığın divanilərindən bəhs edərək yazır: “Əruzun “failatün, fəalatün, failatün, failün”
qəlibində yazılan şeirlərə saz şairləri (aşıqlar-A.A.) divani adını vermişlər. Çünki divanilır xüsusi
melodiya ilə oxunur. Ərzuruma xas bir məqam olan “tatyan” məqamı on beşlik divanilərlə oxunur.
Sümmani “tatyanı” ən yaxşı oxuyan aşıqdır. Hətta xalq arasında bu məqamın Sümmaniyə aid
olduğunu söyləyənlər də vardır” [1, 22].
A.Erkalın açıqlamasından göründüyü kimi, Aşıq Sümmani əruzda yalnız divanilər yazmamış,
həm də bu janrda yazdığı şeirlərin mahir ifaçısı olmuşdur. Araşdırıcıların qənaətinə görə “tatyan”
termini “dadlı dil”, “dadlı söyləmə” və yaxud “şirin dil”, “şirin söyləmə” anlamını ifadə edir.
Aşıq Sümmaninin divanilərinin demək olar ki, hamısı dini-ürfanı məzmun daşıyır. “Ələst”,
“yezdan”, “dərvişan” “ləbbeyk”, “mövlan”, “rahi-təriqət”, “piri-muğan” və sair kimi sufi
Sumqayıt Dövlət Universiteti – “ELMİ XƏBƏRLƏR”– Sosial və humanitar elmlər bölməsi
Cild 12 № 2 2016
29
terminləri, kod və işarələr aşığın divanilərinin təsəvvufi mahiyyətini müəyyənləşdirir. Sümmani
sakral informasiyanı ilahi eşqin cazibəsinə düşən sufi yolçunun simasında ümumiləşdirərək özünün
kimliyini nişan verir. Bu informasiya mistik səciyyə daşımır, əksinə haqqa qulluq edən sənətkarın
ürfani dünyagörüşünün başlıca cizgilərini işarələyir:
İstədi Əhməd, əlbəttə, verir sultanımız,
Ələstü-bəzmində iqrar eylədi ərvahımız,
Həmd olsun, həmdü sənalar Haqqa doğru rahımız,
Bəzmü-təriaət içində dərvişan derlər bizə. [1, 391]
Mürəkkəb sufi terminologiyası ilə yüklənmiş bu bənddə Aşıq Sümmaninin dini-fəlsəfi
dünyagörüşü bütün zənginliyi ilə oxucunu heyrətləndirir. Çünki bəndin hər bir misrası sufi
semantikanı əks etdirir. Məlumdur ki, Əhməd kəlməsi “Qurani-Kərim”də peyğəmbərimiz
Məhəmmədin adını ifadə edir. Müqəddəs kitabımızın “Səf” surəsinin altıncı ayətində İsa peyğəmbər
İsrail oğullarına müraciətlə demişdi: “Həqqitən mən özümdən əvvəl nazil olmuş Tövratı təsdiq edən
və məndən sonra gələcək Əhməd adlı bir peyğəmbərlə (sizə) müjdə verən Allahın elçisiyəm” [2,
570]. O da bəllidir ki, Məhəmməd sözünün mənası “ən çox həmdi səna olunmuş, öyülmüş”
deməkdir ki, örnək gətirdiyimiz bəndin üçüncü misrasında “haqqa doğru rah (yol, məslək) tutan”
Aşıq Sümmani həmin sufi semantikanı özünəməxsus şəkildə poetikləşdirmişdir. Təriqət məclisində
dünya malından əl çəkib dərviş olması ilə fəxr edən Aşıq Sümmani “ələstü-bəzmində iqrar eylədi
ərvahımız” misrası ilə mürəkkəb bir dini-fəlsəfi bilgini ifadə etmişdir. Təsəvvüf təliminə görə,
dünya yaradılmamışdan əvvəl maddi varlıqların ruhları, başqa sözlə ruhlar aləmi yaradılmışdır.
Quranın “Əl-əraf” (“Sədd”) surəsindən aldığı biligini Sümmani qeyd etdiyimiz misrada
kodlaşdırmışdır. Həmin kodun mənasını açmağa çalışsaq aydın olur ki, Allah ruhlar aləmini
yaratdığı zaman onlara xitabən “mın sizin Rəbbiniz deyələmmi?-deyə, soruşmuş, bəli “sən bizim
Rəbbimizsən” cavabını almışdır. Bu ilahi məqamı təsdiq və qəbul edən insan dünyaya gəldiyi
zaman öz vədinə, əməl etməli verdiyi sözə sadiq qalmalıdır. Ona görə də uca Yaradan sözündən
qaçmasın deyə ruhları bir-birinə şahid tutmuşdur ki, qiyamət günü onlar “biz bundan xəbərsiz idik”-
deməsinlər.
Divaninin sonrakı bəndlərində də Aşıq Sümmani həmin uca məqamı sufi işarələrlə
simvollaşdırır. “Ta əzəl ləbbeyk kəlamı söylədi lisanımız”-deyə ulu Tanrıya ilk andan, yaradılışın
ruh kimi mövcud olduğu zamandan tapındığını ifadə edir. Misradakı “ləbbeyk” sözü ustad
sənətkarın bir sufi yolçusu kimi öz əqidəsinə sədaqətini qəti şəkildə nümayiş etdirir. Yəni əsli
ərəbcə olan “ləbbeyk” sözü “bəli”, “əmr sizindir”, “hazıram” mənalarını ifadə edir ki, [2, 313]
Sümmani bu kəlməni müqəddəs kəlam, ilahi vəhy kimi qəbul edərək dilinin əzbəri olduğunu
bildirir.
Cəmi dörd bənddən ibarət olan “Bizə” rədifli bu divaninin üzərində bir qədər ətraflı
dayanmağımızın müəyyən səbəbi vardır. Birincisi, əvvəldə qeyd etdiyimiz kimi, Aşıq Sümmaninin
divaniləri təsəvvüf poeziyasının mürəkkəb rəmz və işarələri ilə çox zəngindir. Ona görə də bu
divanilərin elmi təhlilini vermək üçün sufi rəmzlərin, kod və işarəlrin ürfani semantikasını açmaq
çox vacibdir.
Ikinci bir tərəfdən, fikrimizcə Aşıq Sümmani çətin analaşılan sufi terminlərindən və
simvollarından istifadə etməklə el məclislərində, aşıq deyişmələrində özünün nəyə qadir olduğunu
nümayiş etdirmək iştəmişdir. Aşığın divanilərinin zəngin və mürəkkəb məzmunu həm də janrın
tələbləri ilə bağlıdır. Bu janrın özünəməxsus xüsusiyyətlərindən bəhs edərkən folklorşünas
M.Həkimov yazır ki, “divani aşıqların ən çox müraciət etdiyi şeir şəkilidir. Divani şeir şəkilində
poetik çağırış, hikkə, zabitənəlik, rəqibi çıxılmaz vəziyyətə salmaq, divan-dərə qurmaq, tərəf-
müqabilə meydan oxumaq əhval-ruhiyyəsi güclüdür. Divani aşıq sənətində istər şeir növü kimi,
istər havaçata oxunuşu cəhətdən dalbadal, rəqibə diqtə baxımından aşıq himnidir, aşığın qənimidir”
[4, 459].
Aşıq Sümmaninin “Bizə” rədifli divanisinin poetik məzmunu M.Həkimovun nə qədər öz
Məmmədov A.İ.
30
mülahizəsində haqlı olduğunu sübut edir. Şeirin bütün bəndlərində olduğu kimi, sonuncu bəndində
də ürfani motivlər aparıcı mövqedə durur. Sufi məzmunlu sözlər Sümmaninin dini-ürfani
dünyagörüşünün istiqamətlərini müəyyənləşdirməklə bərabər, onun mənəvi əzəmətini, kamillik
dərəcəsini də tutarlı şəkildə ifadə edir:
Həzrəti Adəmi safi ah ta əzəl əslimiz,
Əcdadımız həzrərti piri-muğandır ustadımız,
Səbavətdan sorsalar bizə Hüseyndir adımız,
Aşiqanlar zümrəsində qul Sümman derlər bizə. [1, 392]
Bir təriqqət yolçusu kimi Sümmani bu bənddə müxtəlif rəmzlər vasitəsilə özünün kimliyini
nişan verir. Bəşər övladı olaraq əcdadının Adəm peyğəmbərə bağlılığını ifadə edən ustad sənətkar
“piri-muğandır ustadımız”-deyə təvazökarcasına bir ustada qulluq etdiyini bildirir. “Təsəvvüf
ədəbiyyatında piri-muğan daha çox təriqət piri, başçısı, qurucusu mənasını ifadə edir” [3, 253]. Sufi
təliminə görə, “piri-muğan” mürşiddir. Aşıq Sümmani mənsub olduğu təriqətin mürşidinə qulluq
etdiyi, özünü bir mürid məqamında gördüyü üçün qürur hissi keçirir. Sufi təlimindən gələn bu cür
daxili təmizlik və təvazökarlıq hissi onun mənəvi kamilliyindən xəbər verir. Fikrimizcə, burada
“ah” sözünün sufi semantikasını da incələməyə ehtiyac duyulur. Məlumdur ki, sufi yolçu mürid
mərtəbəsində Allaha qovuşmaq üçün öz iradəsini tamamilə ona təslim edir. İlahi məhəbbətə
qovuşmağa, uca Tanrıya tapınıb sığınmağa can tan mürid ürfan sınaqlarından keçərək dönə-dönə ah
çəkir. Məhz bu sınaqlarda “ah atəşi göylərə yüksəlir və Allah mərtəbəsinə çatır. Aşiq bəzən elə
atəşli ah çəkir ki, onun atəşindən göydə ulduzlar, ay və günəş tutuşub yanır. Bu səbəbdən onlar işıq
saçıb parlayırlar” [2, 22].
Aşıq Sümmani “həzrəti Adəmi safi ah ta əzəl əslimiz”-deyərkən bir bəşər övladı kimi özünün
Adəm peyğəmbər nəslindən törədiyini, həqiqi eşq yolçuluğunda “qul Sümmani” titulunu daşıdığını
fəxrlə ifadə edir. Divaninin sonuncu-“aşiqanlar zümrəsində qul Sümman derlər bizə” misrası “tanrı
qarşısında bəndə miskinliyini göstərir: aşiqin tanrının qulu olduğunu bildirir”[5, 133].
Bu ürfani dünyadgörüşü istər klassik, istərsə də aşıq poeziyasında sufi təliminin başlıca
prinsiplərindən birini işarələyir. Allaha tapınıb ona qovuşmayınca ilahi eşq yolçusu özünü “miskin”,
“qərib”, “qul” sayır. Örnək gətirdiyimiz misrada Aşıq Sümmani bu sufi ənənəyə sədaqətini
poetikləşdirmişdir.
Qeyd etdiyimiz kimi Aşıq Sümmaninin yaradıcılığı, o cümlədən divaniləri özünün sufi-ürfani
məzmunu ilə təsəvvüf şeirinin dərin qatlarına bağlıdır. Aşığın yalnız bir divanisinin-“Bizə” rədifli
şeirinin sufi semantikası da bunu aydın şəkildə göstərir.
Elmi yeniliyi: Aşıq Sümmaninin divani yaradıcılığında dini-ürfani semantikasının
araşdırılması ilə bağlıdır.
Tətbiqi əhəmiyyəti: Təriqət poeziyasının öyrənilməsində, aşıq ədəbiyyatının tədqiqində əlavə
mənbə kimi istifadə oluna bilər.
ƏDƏBİYYAT
1.
Erkal A. Aşık Sümmani. Erzurum: Fenomen Yayınları, 2007, 494 s.
2.
Pala İ. Ansiklopedik divan şiiri sözlügü. I-II c. Ankara: Akçağ Yayınları, 1990, 554 s.
3.
Hacıyeva M., Rıhtım M. Folklor və yazılı ədəbiyyat sözlüyü. Bakı: Nurlan, 2009, 330 s.
4.
Qasımlı M. Ozan-aşıq sənəti. Bakı: Uğur, 2007, 304 s.
5.
Həkimov M. Aşıq sənətinin poetikası. Bakı: Səda, 2004, 609 s.
Aşiq Sümmaninin bir Divanisində təsəvvüf simvolikası
31
РЕЗЮМЕ
СИМВОЛИКА ТАСАВВУФ В ОДНОМ ДИВАНИ АШУГА СУММАНИ
Мамедов А.И.
Ключевые слова: ашугская поэзия, суфи, дивани, Всевышний, классическая традиция
Поэзия Ашуга Суммани, одного из замечательных представителей ашугской среды
Агбаба-Чылдыр, основана на глубокой философии. В статье анализируются суфийская
семантика дивани «К нам» (“Bize”), ряд тасаввуфских терминов, дано объяснение
суфийским символам и кодам.
SUMMARY
TASAWWUF SYMBOLICS IN A DIVAN BY ASHUG SUMMANI
Mammadov A.I.
Key words: ashug poetry, sufi, divan, the God, classical tradition
One of the powerful representatives of ashug environment of Aghbaba-Childir Ashug
Summani`s poetry is based on deep layers with its urfani-philosophical essence. Sufi semanitcs of
divan “Us” (“Bize”) has been investigated, a number of tasawwuf terms, sufi symbols and codes
worked in this poem have been explained and analyzed.
Daxil olma tarixi:
İlkin variant
22.02.2016
Son variant
01.06.2016
Məmmədov A.İ.
32
UOT 82-131
INDIAN FEASTS IN HENRY WORDSWORTH LONGFELLOW’S
“THE SONG OF HIAWATHA”
NIGAR VALISH ISGANDAROVA
Sumgayit State University, professor
NIGAR SHAMIL ALIZADEH
Gafgaz University, Master student
e-mail: isgani@gmail.com , nigaralizade22@gmail.com
Key words: Northern Americans, folk motives, feasts, dress, food, songs, dance, stories,
amusements
The article deals with the feasts held by the Native Northern Americans and the richness of
their culture and uncovered sides of their way of life. From many historical and literary sources it
is available to get information about how the Native Americans celebrate their special days. In this
article Indian feasts will be discussed with Henry Wordsworth Longfellow’s descriptions in his most
influential work “The song of Hiawatha”. Henry Wordsworth Longfellow perfectly introduces
Indian celebrations, special foods and their amusements through words of poetical spirit.
There are too many people living on the Earth, walking on the same ground, breathing the
same air and drinking water of the same planet. Though people of different nations visually seem
identical, because they are humans, every nation has their own culture, customs and traditions. Each
nation has its own way of interpreting the history of the world. How the world became the place we
live; which magical powers made it possible for people to live on it. This is not the only subject on
what nations culturally debate. So to observe all of these nations one by one would be very difficult
for any person. Even a lifetime of one man is not enough to study all of them. The purpose of this
article is to give a little information that is known to humanity about one of the most mighty
nations, The Native Americans. The history, manners and traditions of Native Americans have
always been one of the most discussed subjects through the world. There are hundreds of Native
Americans, Indian tribes, and all of them differ one from another in their languages and cultures.
The common thing that they share is rich oral tradition. The Indians have stories that have passed
through generations by means of oral language. These stories are the ways of recording the history,
culture and beliefs of each nation. Among these stories there are of creation of the world, people’s
settling in the world, how they learned to survive and who taught them to live, and etc. Many films
and cartoons have been directed about Native Americans. Because their way of life, stories of
deeds, magical powers, religion, dresses and other manners and traditions have always been
interesting both for adults, and for the children as well. So literature couldn’t stay silent, and from
time to time there appeared many short stories, novels, poems on Indian theme in different
literatures. The most significant work on Indian theme is “The Song of Hiawatha” written by Henry
Wadsworth Longfellow. The poem preserves the spirit and memorizes the life of American Indians,
mainly the Northern American Indians. Longfellow describes the traditions and customs of
aborigines with great enthusiasm. Among these traditions are the Indian feasts, food and
amusements shown by the poet with a high degree of accuracy.
It was a common custom to give a feast among the Indians. Indian youth have always been
competing with each other in fighting, haunting, and daily life [6, 46]. They seemed to try to
achieve their best that they could swagger in their tribe. Successes of boys always were occasions
for feasting and celebrations. If one Indian was more fortunate in the hunt among the others, then
Sumqayıt Dövlət Universiteti – “ELMİ XƏBƏRLƏR”– Sosial və humanitar elmlər bölməsi
Cild 12 № 2 2016
33
the spoil was set aside for a feast [3, 31-32]. Then a great feast took place and the meals for the
banquet were prepared from that spoil. This tradition is given in “The song of Hiawatha” with large
descriptions of an Indian feast. When Hiawatha reached his adolescence, the old story teller and old
Nokomis sent him to his first hunting. As he was a strong youth, he had to prove his strength and
bring food to his wigwam as for the Indians hunting and fishing was very serious business. The
Indian man played a great role in his family; he was the head of the family. The comfort and peace
of an Indian family depended on the man’s success.
As we mentioned, hunting was a part of the Indian life. Before the Indian men learned
cultivating the land, hunting and fishing were the only ways of getting food. As hunting was much
needed, people had to be successful in their work. When Hiawatha killed his first deer, Nokomis
gave a great feast in his honor. All the people were invited to his feast. All praised Hiawatha for his
strong heart and success. People called him “Strong Heart” and “Soan-ge-taha” [5, 32].
The next feast in the poem was given after Hiawatha’s killing The Great Pearl-Feather. The
Pearl-Feather was a great magician, Manito of Wealth and Wampum. He was the great threat for the
Indian people. The Pearl-Feather lived in the fen-lands, and was guarded by The Kenabeek, the great
serpents. He was the one who was sending fever from marshes, pestilential vapors, and poisonous
exhalations. The Pearl-Feather was sending diseases and death to the people, and he was the murderer
of Nokomis’s father. Hiawatha went with a great feeling for revenge of his grandfather and for
escaping his people from this hazard. Killing the Peral-Feather, Hiawatha saved his people from the
fever and diseases. He took all the wealth of the magician and brought it to his people. He took all his
wealth of skins and wampum, furs of bison and beaver, sable, ermine, wampum belts, strings,
pouches, silver-headed arrows to the village. The people welcomed him with songs and dances. They
made a great feast to his honor and praised him. People were very joyous and thankful to Hiawatha
for saving their lives and for bringing peace to their village. There would be no disease and fever
among the people anymore with the death of the Pearl-Feather. The village was now in safety.
Hiawatha shared all the wealth that he brought equally among his people. People cried “Honor be to
Hiawatha!” and he deserved it with his bravery and being generous towards his people [5, 70-78].
Another interesting and important feast was The Feast of Mondamin which is mentioned in
the poem. Everything begins with Hiawatha’s fasting. The main food that Indians could get, as we
mentioned before, was from hunting. If they didn’t hunt, they didn’t have anything to eat. This
matter worried Hiawatha. He looked upon the sturgeon, pike, herring; he looked upon the fruits and
thought why people should depend upon only these foods. Hiawatha understood that people had to
know another way of getting food, which would be forever. Hunting cannot be the only basis of life.
He was searching for it and praying not for himself, but for his people. Seven days and nights he
was fasting and praying not for greater skill in hunting, not for triumph in the battle, but for the
profit of the people and advantage of the nations. On his fourth day of fasting, Mondamin came
there and gave a chance to Hiawatha to get what he prayed for. Three days he wrestled with
Mondamin, despite being tired, hungry and thirsty. With the triumph over Mondamin, Hiawatha
achieved his dream. Finally, he placed Mondamin in his grave, didn’t let anyone or anything to
disturb him to sleep and break his peace. Until the summer ended, the maize grew up from the
ground over the Mondamin’s grave. Hiawatha got what he prayed for. When the autumn came, they
gathered all the ripened maize and gave the first Feast for Mondamin. It had to be a feast of all
nations because finally they got a food forever. The Feast of Mondamin was given to thank The
Great Spirit, for his being so kind to the nations and sending them such a perfect gift [5, 42-50].
Since then each autumn they held this feast [7, 139-140]. The traces of the Mondamin Feast we can
see in the Thanksgiving Holiday. This holiday is held in America in autumn every year to show
people’s gratitude to God for giving them food. Many people believe that the origin of
Thanksgiving Day goes to the harvest celebration of pilgrims in Plymouth, Massachusetts. They
celebrated it for rain that ended a drought, and they were saved from hunger. But in the poem
İsgandarova N.V., Alizadeh N.Sh.
34
Longfellow writing about the Mondamin Feast, assures that the real origin of Thanksgiving Day
goes back to The Indians. Anyway this holiday is a traditional day for all American families and
they often have great meals which include a turkey, potatoes, cranberry sauce, gravy, pumpkin pie
and vegetables [8].
The greatest feast given in the poem is Hiawatha’s wedding-feast. Each nation has different
wedding traditions. Weddings in all cultures were always an interesting issue. In the “Song of
Hiawatha” Longfellow introduces us the Indian wedding feast. We get more acquainted with their
food dance, way of feasting from the Hiawatha’s wedding feast. Hiawatha’s marriage had a special
purpose. As he was a prophet sent to his nation, he didn’t do anything only for himself. His every
deed served to his nation. Also his marriage served for bringing peace to his people. When
Hiawatha expresses his desire to marry, Nokomis warns him. She advices him to marry a maiden of
his nation, and not bring a girl from other tribe to his wigwam. But it was too late to warn
Hiawatha, because he had already chosen his maiden who was not from their tribe. She was from
the tribe of Dakotas, the enemies to Ojibways. He wanted to unite the two nations and hoped the old
feuds would be forgotten. The most interesting tradition before the wedding is Hiawatha’s wooing
his maiden, Laughing Minnehaha. He takes his way towards the lands of Dakotah, where he saw his
lovely, beautiful Minnehaha. It was a custom for Indians to bring a food from hunt, for the family of
the maiden when the Indian man comes to woo her. Thus did Hiawatha, brought a red deer on his
shoulders to the wigwam of the Arrow-Maker, the father of Minnehaha. This shows how the man
successful and skillful in hunting, can afford his family with food. While the Arrow-Maker and
Hiawatha were talking, she brought food and drinks for them and kept silence, even didn’t say a
word. Hiawatha offers to the Arrow-Maker to clasp their hands forever and to unite their hearts. He
asks the old man to give his beautiful girl to him as a wife to make the two tribes, Ojibways and
Dakotahs united and live in peace. With Minnehaha’s agreement, her father lets her follow her
husband to the lands of Ojibway [5, 79-87]. Another interesting point in Hiawatha’s wooing is the
father’s words after his lovely daughter leaves him all alone. The feelings of the Arrow-Maker are
given with a high accuracy by Longfellow:
“Thus it is our daughters leave us,
Those we love, and those who love us!
Just when they have learned to help us,
When we are old and lean upon them,
Comes a youth with flaunting feathers…
…And she follows where he leads her,
Leaving all things for the stranger! ” [5, 85].
Though the father understands that his daughter will leave him as soon as she reaches her
beauty, he nevertheless feels jealousy. His daughter leaves him, when he is old and needs her help.
But he cannot accept his loneliness as his daughter was his only friend in life, and now he is alone
in his silent wigwam. In the other tribe, in the lands of Ojibway, the great feast was given to the
honor of Hiawatha and Minnehaha. As a sign of invitation Nokomis sent the messengers with
wands of willow. This is how Indians invited their guests to the wedding-feast. All the people from
the Ojibway were gathered to Hiawatha’s wedding. All of them were joyous and happy for
Hiawatha. The guests were dressed in their robes of fur, belts of wampum. Wampum was a quantity
of small cylindrical beads made by North American Indians from quahog shells, strung together and
worn as a decorative belt or other decoration, or used as money. Also guests were splendid with
their paint and plumage beautiful with beads and tassels. In the wedding Pau-Puk-Keewis makes his
dance, the old great boaster tells tales of adventures and the gentle Chibiabos sings his sweetest
songs. In the wedding Nokomis tries to do her best to make the guests were contented and pleased.
When the Indians entertained their guests they didn’t sit with them. Even they didn’t touch the food,
because everything was done only for the guests. For the Indians the guest was very precious and
Indian feasts in Henry Wordsworth Longfellow’s “The song of Hiawatha”
35
untouchable [5, 88-95]. The guest was treated with high respect and no one could dare to hurt his
guest, as it was rude towards the guest and against the traditions of Indians. Indians shared all the
best they had with their guests, they brought the best food and drink for them. This is described very
lively and clear in the part “Ghosts” in “The Song of Hiawatha”. Here ghosts came without asking
permission to Hiawatha’s wigwam and stayed there as long as they wished. Minnehaha and
Hiawatha welcomed them and did no gesture of displeasure [5, 152-159].
From the poem we also get information about the dishes from what Indians ate their food.
Indians made their dishes from the bass-wood and polished them very smoothly. Their spoons were
black and they made them from the horns of bison and smoothed them carefully. In Hiawatha’s
wedding Nokomis brings food in these dishes. In Hiawatha’s wedding-feast Longfellow gives us
full description of what Indians eat. First meal in the feast was made of sturgeon and the pike. Then
they feasted on pemmican. Pemmican is a paste of dried and pounded meat mixed with melted fat
and other ingredients, originally made by North American Indians. Pemmican was made of buffalo
meat in most times and was eaten with buffalo marrow. Pemmican and buffalo marrow were
inseparable and were used together among the aborigines as bread and butter are used in our daily
life. To take marrow fat buffalo’s bones were broken into pieces. Then the marrow was boiled
without bones and put into buffalo bladders. After that the marrow were cooled, it became quite
hard as tallow and as appearance looked like yellow butter. At feasts slices of marrow were placed
with pemmican in a bass-wood bowls and were eaten together. Then the old Nokomis served
haunch of deer, hump of bison, yellow cakes made from maize and the wild rice. Maize and the
wild rice were cultivated in the region of the Great Lakes. It is interesting fact that Longfellow
reveals that the food for the feast is cooked. Contrary to popular belief ( that the Indians eat
uncooked food) The Indians preferred cooked food. Roasting, baking and boiling were known to
The Indians as we see from the poem.
It is impossible to image a weeding-feast without dance. For Indians dances were important.
Each dance has some important purpose. Some were religious, some were war and scalp dances and
some were social. Dances were always accompanied by music. The most popular Indian musical
instruments were simply time beaters. And the most used one was the rattle. There are some old
rattles made and used by Shaman which are still exist [2, p-86]. Indian social dances in celebrating
some important occasions, like wedding-feasts. It is the social dance which Longfellow describes in
the poem was for amusement at the wedding feast. Old Nokomis asks the great Yenadizze, Pau-
Puk-keewis among the guests with pride and haughtiness. Under the sounds of flutes and drums he
begins his mystic dance. He was well prepared with his hair beautifully combed and face brightly
painted to show him in dance and among the maiden through the guests. He starts his dance first
with slow movements and then the dance becomes faster and faster. He continues his dance
whirling, leaping over the guests, spinning in circles and eddying around the wigwam. This is
traditional Beggar’s Dance which is described in the poem with the vivid description by
Longfellow. This was a spirited performance usually given by the most independent young man in
the tribe. The Indians prepared for Beggar’s Dance with much care. The hair is combed and
arranged beautifully. The face and body are painted with the brightest colors. For this dance there
was a special dress and it often had ancient form and decoration. All these special preparations were
just to make the dancers look pretty and attractive. For Indians dress and decorations had some
meanings. In most cases they mimed some creatures or animals, and repeated their gestures,
movements, even their voices. Sometimes they wore the dress just to be like some great persons of
their legends. For example, in Buffalo and bear dances, they wore skins and horns, skins of bear in
order to look like these animals. Also the meanings and usage of dances were different. Each dance
had its own occasion. For example, before the wars Indians danced a war dance. They painted their
faces with war colors, and had about them everything that can make them think of war. It was
believed that war dance gives inspiration to the warriors for battle. In war dance the music, songs,
İsgandarova N.V., Alizadeh N.Sh.
36
movements and prayers all related to the forthcoming battle. Some Indian dances gives a story is
told from the beginning till the end of the dance. They could tell the story of the world and how
men learned to survive in life. The dancers were dressed to represent the spirits or beings who
made, helped or taught the tribe [2, 86-88]. Not only dance but also music plays a large part in
Indians’ life. For an Indian man music is a part of his expression of feelings. Indians use music as a
religious aspiration. With the help of music they communicate with the unseen world. Indians tell
different stories like religious, tribal and their personal experiences with music. They express their
feelings through the music [4, 3]. They sing for gods, friends, enemies, for the animals they hunt,
the maiden they woo. Indians also sing for the nature around them, for the forests, lakes, mountains
and etc. In short, everything that surrounds them and makes interest for them becomes the subject
for a new song. Indian songs are divided into two general divisions. To the first division includes
songs those made by men. These songs are to please the ear, they rouse the feelings, encourages one
to do brave deeds. The second division includes songs that come in dreams through the spirits.
These songs are considered holy; they are belonging to sacred rites and ceremonies. They are
supposed to do wonders. Indians believe that spiritual songs have magic power and they can make
something better. They sang these songs especially for ill people believing that it will help them to
recover. Indians believed that each song that came to man in dream was the individual property of
that man who dreamed it. It belonged to him and no one else could sing it except that person. He
could give it to someone by will with his own desire. Otherwise the song dies with him and after his
death no one has the right to sing a dream song of another without permission. Dream songs are
supposed to have power to invoke divine aid and to protect its owner from evil. Surely there should
be text of a song. But the text in Indian song is less important than its melody. In Indian songs there
is only one idea and it is expressed too short. Two or three words are enough in one song to express
the idea of a song and to show the song’s aim. Often it is impossible to understand the idea of a
song without explanation. For a stranger an Indian song has no sense, because it needs an
explanation. For example, there is a song of Indians which has only these words: “Warm door in
winter, door, and warm door”. If someone listens to this song without knowing its origin and story,
he will understand nothing. He will think that this song has no sense and it’s ridiculous. But an
Indian who sings it, first tells the story of this song is about a man who was about to die in the
freezing weather. He was all alone; no one was near to help him. Suddenly he hears the voice of a
drum. He understands that there is an Indian village near him, but he doesn’t know whether they are
hospitable or not. With insurance he goes towards the voice of a drum, but still he had hesitation.
But it was better to go and see rather than to die in frost. When he reaches the village he hears the
Indian within, singing this song of hospitality, so he knew that the Indian would be his friend. So
the words “door in winter” are only a sign of the story of the song [4, 14].
Speaking about songs we have to mention Chibiabos’s name. He was the sweetest musician
and singer of Ojibway tribe and Hiawatha’s friend. In Hiawatha’s wedding Nokomis asks him to
sing with his sweetest voice to entertain their guests and to have great time. Chibiabos sings of love
with his sweetness and gives pleasure to the guests. He sings of love and sadness of a maiden’s
lamentation for her lover:
“When I think of my beloved
Ah me! Think of my beloved
When my heart is thinking of him
O my sweetheart, my Algonquin.”[5, 94]
Longfellow wrote this song not as possessing to Chibiabos. This song was connected with real
historical events. Under the control of General Montealm the French Indian department tried to bring
a group of Indians into the valley of the lower St. Laurence in 1759. Their invitations for the purpose
reached the farthest shores of Lake Superior, where came French warriors and an Indian girl from
Chippewa tribe whose name was Paig-wain-e-osh-e, or White Eagle. She was gazing after the canoes
Indian feasts in Henry Wordsworth Longfellow’s “The song of Hiawatha”
37
which departed from their lands. In one of the canoes was her beloved, a young French soldier
Algonquin. So the Chibiabos sang the song full of love and praised him and his sweet voice [2, 123].
Among the guests in Hiawatha’s wedding there was Iagoo, the great boaster. Iagoo was a
marvelous story teller and a friend of Old Nokomis. He was jealous with the applause the guests gave
to Chibiabos, so he told a story to the people at the wedding. Iagoo was described as a marvelous
story teller in the poem and a poetic character under the same name. Iagoo was a personage from
Indian folklore. He was the one who always told stories of extraordinary journeys, events, things. He
always spoke stories of his own adventures. But according to poem, he himself never had an
adventure, never shot an arrow, and never did any journey. But if someone listens to him, he’ll believe
his stories as they are so true narrated by Iagoo that it is impossible not to believe him. Among the
Indians telling stories was a great amusement. In the evenings they gathered around the fire in a
wigwam, and listened to old stories of heroes and their deeds [6, 196]. They were fond of stories.
Some of the stories were about themselves, their own adventures and most of them were about some
wise and good man who lived long ago and taught Indian people how they should live. Some stories
were about the explanation of how the things should be used and for what they exist. Most of these
stories could be told at anytime and anywhere. But there were stories that were sacred and they were
told only in some certain occasions and to certain person on particular situation. There were also “old
stories” among some tribes that must not be told in the summer. To the Indians when the trees are full
of green leaves, the spirits of the leaves could listen to the story. These “old stories” were narrated in
the winter, when snow lies on the ground and the leaves have fallen. In winter the trees are sleeping
and this is a good circumstance for Indians to tell their stories in silence and assurance that no one will
listen [2, 31]. In Hiawatha’s wedding feast Iagoo tells the story of the son of the Evening Star, a story
full of magic and mystery. This was the story of Osseo, the son of Evening Star and his wife Oweenee
which shows the power of true love and faithfulness [5, 96-107].
Another interesting theme in feasts was the people’s dressing in feasts. Actually Indians
wore differently from other nations and it was always interesting to people from other worlds. Here
in the poem, Longfellow specifically describes people in feast wearing their best clothes that they
had for the feast. They wore wigwam belts, painted their faces. Telling about the wedding-feast of
Hiawatha Longfellow describes the dress of Pau-Puk-Keewis. He wears a shirt from deerskin. His
deerskin leggings are fringy with quills of hedgehog and ermine. His moccasins were from
buckskins and were decorated with beads and quills. There are feathers on his head and on his heels
are tails of foxes. So from these descriptions Longfellow gives very clear account of what the
typical Indian of eastern North America wore.
Indian way of life does not include only feasts, food and amusements. Their homes, painting
their faces on special occasions, like wars and feasts, means of transportation they used, their way
of communicating and manner of speaking are also given in “The Song of Hiawatha”. The Native
Americans are very rich in history, traditions and their unbelievable triumphs and adventures [3].
Dostları ilə paylaş: |