Motivational Need Theories
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MOTIVATION
Esteem self interpersonal Safety & Security interpersonal physical Belongingness (social & love) Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory Hygiene Factor - work condition related to dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or painMotivation Factor - work condition related to the satisfaction of the need for psychological growth job enrichment leads to superior performance & effort Motivation–Hygiene Theory of Motivation Hygiene factors avoid job dissatisfaction Company policy & administration Supervision Interpersonal relations Working conditions Salary Status Security SOURCE: Adapted from Frederick Herzberg, The Managerial Choice: To be Efficient or to Be Human . (Salt Lake City: Olympus, 1982). Reprinted by permission. Achievement Achievement recognition Work itself Responsibility Advancement Growth Salary? Motivation factors increase job satisfaction Motivation-Hygiene Combinations (Motivation = M, Hygiene = H) Individual—Organizational Exchange Relationship Physiological needs Security needs Physical needs Company status Benefits Income
SOURCE: Reproduced with permission from McGraw-Hill, Inc. Adams’s Theory of Inequity Inequity - the situation in which a person perceives he or she is receiving less than he or she is giving, or is giving less than he or she is receiving Motivational Theory of Social Exchange Negative Outcomes < Outcomes Inequity Inputs Inputs Positive Outcomes > Outcomes Inequity Inputs Inputs Strategies for Resolution of Inequity Alter the person’s outcomes Alter the person’s inputs Alter the comparison other’s outputs Alter the comparison other’s inputs Change who is used as a comparison other Rationalize the inequity Leave the organizational situation New Perspectives on Equity Theory I prefer an equity ratio equal to that of my comparison other New Perspectives on Equity Theory I am comfortable with an equity ratio less than that of my comparison other New Perspectives on Equity Theory I am comfortable with an equity ratio greater than that of my comparison other Expectancy Theory of Motivation: Key Constructs Valence - value or importance placed on a particular reward Expectancy - belief that effort leads to performance Instrumentality - belief that performance is related to rewards Expectancy Model of Motivation Perceived effort– performance probability Perceived value of reward Perceived performance– reward probability “What rewards will I get when the job is well done?” “What rewards do I value?” 3 Causes of Motivational Problems Belief that effort will not result in performance Belief that performance will not result in rewards The value a person places on, or the preference a person has for, certain rewards Moral Maturity Morally mature people behave and act based on universal ethical principles. Morally immature people behave and act based on egocentric motivations. Dostları ilə paylaş:
