Azərbaycan Respublikası “ÇAĞ” Öyrətim İşlətmələri

«TƏRCÜMƏŞÜNASLIQ VƏ ONUN MÜASİR DÖVRDƏ ROLU»  II Respublika tələbə elmi-praktik konfransı 
 
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marriage, the exchange of kisses  is part of the ceremony. In an Indian context, this 
would be totally inappropriate. Even expressing feelings in public is outrageous 
here. 
Beliefs and feelings change from culture to culture. The color white may repre-
sent purity and black evil in the Indian context, but it may not the same in another 
language. What is considered a god omen, whether an event, an animal or a bird, 
may not symbolize the same thing in another culture. 
Religious elements, myths, legends, and the like are major components of any 
culture. They present major hurdles in translating text. This sensitive issue demands 
the translators’ full attention. 
Lastly, geographical and environmental elements are also part of one’s culture. 
For instance, snow is apart of Eskimos life. There are different words to identify 
different kinds of snow in their language. In India, people have no idea of snow, and 
there are no words to describe different kinds of snow. Another example; the 
Chinese language has different words for different types of ants; in the Indian lan-
guages all kinds of ants ants. 
 
 
MACHINE  TRANSLATION 
Famil  COBANOV 
Qafqaz University Translation Department II 
Supervisor: Narmina Aliyeva 
 
INTRODUCTION 
One of the questions that we encounter often is that of machine translation. 
When many people think of computers and multiple languages, their first thought is 
of machines translating words and phrases from one language to another. After all, 
computers are capable of so much, it seems logical that they could handle translating 
text from one language to another. 
Unfortunately the reality is that machine translation, while it has made advances, 
is still far from perfect. Machine translations often do an adequate job of translating 
simple text sufficiently for a reader to get the gist of the original, but they are far 
from perfect.. 
Now it is time to analyze what has happened in the 50 years since machine 
translation began, review the present situation, and speculate on what the future 
may bring. Progress in the basic processes of computerized translation has not been 
as striking as developments in computer technology and software. There is still 
much scope for the improvement of the linguistic quality of machine translation 
output, which hopefully developments in both rule-based and corpus-based methods 
can bring. Greater impact on the future machine translation scenario will probably 

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come from the expected huge increase in demand for on-line real-time communication 
in many languages, where quality may be less important than accessibility and usa-
bility. 
MACHINE TRANSLATION: THE FIRST 40 YEARS, 1949-1989 
About fifty years ago, Warren Weaver, a former director of the division of na-
tural sciences at the Rockefeller Institute (1932-55), wrote his famous memo-
randum which had launched research on machine translation at first primarily in 
the United States but before the end of the 1950s throughout the world. 
In those early days and for many years afterwards, computers were quite different 
from those that we have today. They were very expensive machines disposed in 
large rooms with reinforced flooring and ventilation systems to reduce excess heat. 
They required a huge number of maintenance engineers and a dedicated staff of 
operators and programmers. Most of the work was mathematical in fact, either 
directly for military institutions or for university departments of physics and applied 
mathematics with strong links to the armed forces. It was perhaps natural in these 
circumstances that much of the earliest work on machine translation was supported 
by military or intelligence funds directly or indirectly, and was destined for usage 
by such organizations - hence the emphasis in the United States on Russian-to-
English translation, and in the Soviet Union on English-to-Russian translation. 
Although machine translation attracted a great deal of funding in the 1950s and 
1960s, particularly when the arms and space races began in earnest after the launch 
of the first satellite in 1957, and the first space flight by Gagarin in 1961, the results 
of this period of activity were disappointing. The linguistic problems encountered 
by machine translation researchers had proved to be much greater than anticipated, 
and that progress had been painfully slow. It should be mentioned that just over five 
years earlier Joshua Bar-Hillel, one of the first enthusiasts for machine translation 
who had been disabused of his work, had published his critical review of machine 
translation research in which he had rejected the implicit aim of fully automatic 
high quality translation (FAHQT). Indeed he provided a proof of its "non-feasibility". 
The writers of the ALPAC report agreed with this diagnosis and recommended that 
research on fully automatic systems should stop and that attention should be directed 
to lower-level aids for translators. 
For some years after ALPAC, research continued on a much-reduced financing. 
By the mid 1970s, some success could be shown: in 1970 the US Air Force began 
to use the Systran system for Russian-English translations, in 1976 the Canadians 
began public use of weather reports translated by the Meteo sublanguage machine 
translation system, and the Commission of the European Communities applied the 
English-French version of Systran for helping it with its heavy translation burden - 
which soon was followed by the development of systems for other European lan-
guages. In the 1980s, machine translation rose from its post-ALPAC low spirits: 
activity began again all over the world - most notably in Japan - with new ideas for 

«TƏRCÜMƏŞÜNASLIQ VƏ ONUN MÜASİR DÖVRDƏ ROLU»  II Respublika tələbə elmi-praktik konfransı 
 
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research (particularly on knowledge-based and interlingua-based systems), new 
sources of financial support (the European Union, computer companies), and in 
particular with the appearance of the first commercial machine translation systems 
on the market. 
Nearly all research activities in the 1980s were devoted to the exploration of 
methods of linguistic analysis in order to create generation of programs based on 
traditional rule-based transfer and interlingua (AI-type knowledge bases representing 
the more innovative tendency). The needs of translators were left to commercial 
interests: software for terminology management became available and ALPNET 
produced a series of translator tools during the 1980s - among them it may be noted 
was an early version of a program "Translation Memory" (a bilingual database). 
MACHINE TRANSLATION IN 1990s 
The real emergence of translator aids came in the early 1990s with the "translator 
workstation", among them were such programs as "Trados Translator Workbench", 
"IBM Translation Manager 2", "STAR Transit", "Eurolang Optimizer", which 
combined sophisticated text processing and publishing software, terminology 
management and translation memories. 
In the early 1990s, research on machine translation was reinforced by the 
coming of corpus-based methods, especially by the introduction of statistical methods 
("IBM Candide") and of example-based translation 
The main feature of the 1990s has been the rapid increase in the use of machine 
translation and translation tools. 
MACHINE TRANSLATION QUALITY 
Despite the prospects for the future, it has to be said that the new approaches of 
the present have not yet resulted notable improvements in the quality of the raw 
output by translation systems. These improvements may come in the future, but 
overall it has to be said that at present the actual translations produced do not 
represent major advances on those made by the machine translation systems of the 
1970s. We still see the same errors: wrong pronouns, wrong prepositions, anoma-
lous syntax, incorrect choice of terms, plurals instead of singulars, wrong tenses, 
etc. - errors that no human translators would ever commit. Unfortunately, this situation 
probably won't change in the near future. 
MACHINE TRANSLATION AND INTERNET 
The impact of the Internet has been significant in recent years. We are already 
seeing an accelerating growth of real-time on-line translation on the Internet itself. 
In recent years, we have seen many systems designed specifically for the transla-
tion of Web pages ("Pop-Up Dictionary", "Site Translator") and of electronic mail 
("SKIIN"). The demand for immediate translations will surely continue to grow 
rapidly, but at the same time users are also going to want better results 
However, the Internet is having further profound impacts that will surely change 
the future prospects for machine translation. systems are developed. 

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Another profound impact of the Internet will concern the nature of the software 
itself. What users of Internet services are seeking is information in whatever 
language it may have been written or stored. Users will want a seamless integration 
of information retrieval, extraction and summarization systems with translation 
SPOKEN LANGUAGE TRANSLATION 
The most widely anticipated development of the next decade must be that of 
speech translation. When current research projects (ATR, C-STAR, JANUS, Verb-
mobil) were begun in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it was known that practical 
applications were unlikely before the next century. Whatever the high expectations, 
it is surely unlikely that we will see practical speech translation of significantly large 
domains for commercial exploitation for another twenty years or more. Far more 
likely, and in line with general trends within the field of written language machine 
translation, is that there will be numerous applications of spoken language translation 
as components of small-domain natural language applications, e.g. interrogation of 
databases (particularly financial and stockmarket data), interactions in business 
negotiations or intra-company communication. 
MACHINE AND HUMAN TRANSLATION 
In the past there has often been tension between the translation profession and 
those who advocate and research computer-based translation tools. But now at the 
beginning of the 21-st century it is already apparent that machine translation and 
human translation can and will co-exist in relative harmony. Those skills which the 
human translator can contribute will always be in demand. 
For the translation of texts where the quality of output is much less important, 
machine translation is often an ideal solution. For example, to produce "rough" 
translations of scientific and technical documents that may be read by only one per-
son who wants to find out only the general content and information and is uncon-
cerned whether everything is intelligible or not, and who is certainly not discou-
raged by stylistic awkwardness or grammatical errors, machine translation will 
increasingly be the only appropriate decision. In general, human translators are not 
prepared (and may resent being asked) to produce such "rough" translations. In 
such a case the only alternative to machine translation is no translation at all. 
However, as I have already mentioned, greater familiarity with "crummy" 
translations will inevitably stimulate demand for the kind of good quality transla-
tions which only human translators can satisfy. 
For the one-to-one interchange of information, there will probably always be a 
role for the human translator, that is for the translation of business correspondence 
(particularly if the content is sensitive or legally binding). But for the translation of 
personal letters, machine translation systems are likely to be increasingly used; and, 
for e-mail and for the extraction of information from Web pages and computer-based 
information services, machine translation is the only feasible solution. 

«TƏRCÜMƏŞÜNASLIQ VƏ ONUN MÜASİR DÖVRDƏ ROLU»  II Respublika tələbə elmi-praktik konfransı 
 
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As for spoken translation, there must surely always be a place for the human 
translator. There can be no prospect of automatic translation replacing the interpreter 
of diplomatic negotiations. 
Finally, machine translation systems are opening up new areas where human 
translation has never featured: the production of draft versions for authors writing 
in a foreign language, who need assistance in producing an original text; the real-
time on-line translation of television subtitles; the translation of information from 
databases; and, no doubt, more such new applications will appear in the future as 
the global communication networks expand and as the realistic usability of 
machine translation (however poor in quality compared with human translation) 
becomes familiar to a wider public. 
 
LITERATURE USED: 
1.   Weaver Warren - "Translation". Cambridge, Mass.: Technology Press of M.I.T., 1955. 
2.   Hutchins W.J. - "Machine Translation: Past, Present, Future". "Wiley", Chichester, Ellis Horwood, 
N.Y. etc., 1986. 
3.   Materials from Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Labs, 
Singapore. 
4. "  New Scientist Magazine" (www.newscientist.com): 
 
 
LEARNING LANGUAGES 
Lala GYSEYNOVA 
Baku Slavic University 3rd year student of Translation faculty 
Supervisor: 
 
Language is the means of communication. The most common way of expressing 
an idea for 
people is to say it out loud. Language enables people to understand each other. 
At the same moment language can be a major barrier to understand each other. Dif-
ferent epochs had different international language. As a rule the existence of inter-
national one is determined by political, cultural and economic development of the 
country which language is spoken as international. International language is not the 
phenomenon of our age only. The first international language appeared on the 
Earth with the birth of civilization. 
Then with the emergence of national states and development of national lan-
guages the need to learn foreign languages becomes especially acute. Besides clas-
sical languages modern languages were introduced in the list of school studies. 
Educated people of Europe were to know several modern languages. For example, 
Rubens the greatest painter of the western civilization who lived in Flanders in the 
17
th
 century spoke and wrote six modern languages. 

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In the first half of the 20
th
 century during the period between two World Wars 
English started gradually to replace French as the international language. Moreover, 
in the second half of the 20
th
 century the United States become the world’s dominant 
power. The USA had enormous political, economic and cultural influence on the 
Western World. 
The dominancy of English in the contemporary world is explained by the ap-
pearance of lots of people who want to learn English not for pleasure of prestige 
because English has become the key to international scientific, technological and 
commercial innovation of today. 
 
 
FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN OUR LIFE,              
TRANSLATION 
Turana HACIYEVA 
Baku Slavic University Translation faculty, 1st year student 
Supervisor: Quliyeva Siyara 
 
Language is the most common system of communication. It allows to talk to 
each other and ti write their thoughts and ideas. language has made possible the 
development of advances, technological civilization. Without language for comuni-
cation there would be little or no science, religion, commerce, art, literature, govern-
ment and philosophy. Most people learn their own language without fully realizing 
what is taking a place. a children feel a need to communicate their particular needs 
and they begin listening to older persons and imitating them. They learn to connect 
individual objects, idea and actions with words. In schools the language-learning 
process becomes conscious and deliberate. tehre are many important reasons for 
learning a foreign language. Among them are the following: 
1. Learning a foreign language increases your range of communication. For 
example, if you speak only English you can communicate with over 400 million 
other persons. 
2. If you also learn Spanish, you could speak to any of the 297 million Spanish-
speaking people in Latin amerika, Spain and other parts of the world. By learning 
another language, you get knowledge of the customs and ways of life of their nations. 
3. While learning French, you find out how French people live, behave and think. 
4. If you learn german you will be able to read books written in german and 
also translate from this language into other. 
Learning a foreign language helps you to add your general stock of information 
and translation. It can be a key that unlock new fields of knowledge. 
knowledge of a foreign language can help you to gain a spirit of broad human 
tolerance. You’ll find that other people may think, speak and act in different ways. 

«TƏRCÜMƏŞÜNASLIQ VƏ ONUN MÜASİR DÖVRDƏ ROLU»  II Respublika tələbə elmi-praktik konfransı 
 
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Learning any language involves 5 different skills: 
1) speaking 
2) listening 
3) reading 
4) writing 
5) translating 
if you understand a foreigner, can make yourself understood and translate also 
writing, you have mastered it. No language is easy or difficult in itself. Another 
language is easy in so far as it resembles our own language. It is difficult in so far 
as it differs from our own. People have long been interested in having one language 
that could be spoken throughout the world. Such a language would help to promote 
understanding, translating and better feeling among nations. a universal language 
also would increase ultural and economic ties among various countries. The ancient 
Greek and romans studied the origin of language and translation. But their studies 
locked a scientific basis. 
During the Middle Ages many people thought all languages cane from Biblical 
Hebrew. The scientific study of language didn;t start until the late 1700s. 
Scholars such as Friedrich Schlegel, jacob Grimm studied languages by the 
comparative method. Ferdinand de Sausure, the Swiss scholar, in 1900s studied 
languages by the general method. He established laws that apply to all languages. 
Today the science of language is called linguistic or philoshopy and translation 
of this languages is called Translation. 
English is used by more 450 million people in almost every part of the world. 
English is the international language of science and technology. English is also used 
in business and diplomacy. 
 
 
INFOTAINMENT IN MASS MEDIA 
Meltem NEBIYEVA 
Baku Slavic University Translation faculty 3rd course 
Supervisor: 
 
Mass Media- first of all, have to look through  the information not as selling 
product, but as mean serving  to the society. One of the noticeable problems of TV 
channels   is connected with the type of informations brought to the notice of wide 
audience. How can the additions of  imaginations and sensations to the dullness of  
exact and objective information be effective? 
The democratization and the establishment of market attitudes in Azerbaijan 
society led to the development of new stages in the creation and development  of 

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commercial televisions, mass organizations bounded with several conditions regar-
ded to the new TV criterions, freedom of speech and economical interests. Cultural 
struggle for rating, leaning to entertainment showed its negative aspects too. Some 
of the TV critics say that, the expansion of entertaining information  became the 
impediment for transmissions, investigating the quality of it. But the fact is that, the 
audienses interest to entertainment is more than to other programs. Just to satisfy 
audience demand, there appeared new term-Infotainment-joining two other terms 
information and entertainment: 
- What is Infotainment? 
- Infotainment, informations or entertainment? 
The expansion of entertainment made audience to treat TVs with partiality. 
Even though death stages, informations full of  threat and force were not interesting 
for audience, the telecasting of such programs repeatedly effected to the subcon-
sciousness and created  mania(passion) in people. This kind of partiality show itself 
in different ways. There appeares partiality to TV sets in one person, not putting 
down it from hand all day and for phsicologists it leads to the ilness called zapping. 
It is also called telemania. 
- What is telemania? 
- Telemania  as the mean of manipulation? 
- The 25th sequence effect or policy? 
Telemania can be created both from economical interests, and also from its 
ideological positions. Some consider it as the part of policy, but some not. In this 
case nobody talkes about its positive sides. It means, we have to find out answer to 
the question  to what we are watching and why we are watching. We have to  make 
age limit and  main point for children programs. And finally, analyzing the proceses, 
have to creat educated audience, in other case  the next  target is you.